PRUSSIA.

By the official papers of Prussia, whose a tistical communications cannot be surpassed the ten years, from 1817 to 1827, the inc 1,849,561, at which rate the inhabitants w selves in little more than thirty-six years. extraordinary instance of increase in any old

SWEDEN, DENMARK, AND NORW

In Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, pop rapid advances. In a brief account respecti Sweden, extracted from the "Révue En March, 1825, the excess of births above d stated to be 42,205.-Denmark has increas two per cent., and Sweden and Norway ma two thirds of that proportion. Assuming increase in Denmark being taken at 20,000 den and Norway at 40,000, for each year, 1815 to the end of 1827, the increase will h (The other dominions of Denmark will be w Germany.)

AUSTRIA.

In determining the increase of the popula ions of Austria, there is some difficulty, arisi ent periods when the number of inhabitants the several provinces. Thus, in the archdu the provinces on the Ens and the Steyerm dated from 1815-in Illyria, from 1818-1 1806-in Gallicia and Moravia, from 18181794-in Siebenburgen, from 1794—in the from 1815-in Temeswar, from 1814-and Venetian Lombardy, from 1815. The aggre from these returns, as enumerated by Baro 1820, amounted to 29,699,724 individuals. local returns, as published by the Geographic in 1822, edited by Colonel Fallon, and frame year, the rate of the increase of population follows::

In Hungary and Siebenburgen

In Austria Proper, the Steyermark, and Sieb burgen

Bohemia, Gallicia, Illyria, and Moravia

Dalmatia, Tyrol, and Venetian Lombardy

This statement gives as a result an increase, in twelve years, on the population of 1815, calculated at 27,000,000, of more than twenty-seven per cent., in fact, nearly 7,000,000. Different authorities agree, up to the year 1821, in a rate of increase which, if continued to 1828, would make that increase more than 7,000,000.

GERMANY.

Those parts of Germany which are comprehended in neither the Austrian empire nor the Prussian kingdom, contained, at the time of the Congress of Vienna, a population of 13,600,000. By exact returns, for a series of years, from each Province in Hanover, is shown an increase, in ten years, at the rate of twelve per cent., or somewhat more than fourteen per cent. in the twelve years since the peace. By official statements we learn the inhabitants of Bavaria amounted, in 1821, to 3,743,330, and in 1826, to 4,301,004. An official account from the Grand Duchy of Baden, states the population, in 1822, as 1,090,910, and in 1826, as 1,145,357, showing an increase at the rate of one and forty-eight one-hundredths annually. From the best works describing the States of Saxony, Wirtemberg, Hesse Cassel, Hesse Darmstadt, Nassau, and the smaller sovereignties, and from oral information, the increase of population in these states may be rated much below that of Austria and of Prussia, and nearer that of Baden; taking it at the rate of seventeen and a half per cent. in the twelve years since the peace, the increase in the portions of Germany under consideration may be assumed at 2,400,000 at the present time.

SWITZERLAND.

By a census taken in Switzerland, in 1821, the inhabitants were found to be 1,783,231; and in 1827 they were 2,037,030, showing an increase in six years, of 253,799. The whole augmentation, during the twelve years of peace, may therefore be estimated at 500,000.

NETHERLANDS.

In the kingdom of the Netherlands a census is taken every five years, and at the end of each intermediate year the births are added and the deaths subtracted, which is adjusted by the enumerations of the fifth years. By an account printed for the information of the legislature, it is seen that the population, which, Jan. 1,1815, was 5,424,502, had advanced, by Jan. 1, 1825, to 6,013,478; and adding for the three years to Jan. 1, 1828, at the same rate, the increase since the peace is shown to be 760,000.

FRANCE.

The state of the population of France, according to a recent work by Baron Dupin, in point of increase, has been slower than in other parts of Europe. According to his statement. France contains 31,000,000 of inhabitants, who increase annually at the rate of 6,536 for each million: this would show an annual augmentation of 200,000, or in the twelve years since the peace, of 2,400,000 persons.

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

The population of Great Britain, from data afforded by the three decennial enumerations of 1801, 1811, and 1821, may be taken to have increased at the rate of 200,000 in each year, from 1815 to 1827; or, in the period since the peace, to 2,400,000. In 1821, according to the goverment estimate, the population of Ireland amounted to 6,800,000, since which, it is believed, the increase has been equal to the proportion which has been ascertained to have taken place in Great Britain--the one island, in 1821, containing 14,391,631 inhabitants, and the other 6,801,827. Thus the increase of the United Kingdom, since 1815, appears to be 3,500,000.

ITALY.

The estimate of the increase of inhabitants in Northern Italy is comprehended in that of the dominions of Austria, as far as the territories of that empire extend in it. In the dominions of the King of Naples, according to the official statements (to be found in Dupin) in 1817, the population amounted to 6,828,558. Dupin gives for the annual rate of increase 11,111 for each million, which would amount to 75,850 yearly, or for the twelve years since 1815, to 900,000. The middle of Italy, comprehending Sardinia, the Popedom, Tuscany, Modena, Parma, Lucca, and the Islands, contained, in 1817, 8,859,000 inhabitants. The rate of increase in those states has probably corresponded with that of Naples; consequently they have received an augmentation of 1,200,000.

SPAIN.

By Ancillon's work, published in 1809, the population of Spain is shown to be increasing, and, notwithstanding the internal disastrous occurrences in that country, it is more than probable some slight increase takes place.

PORTUGAL.

According to Balbi, in his "Essai Statistique sur le R. de Portugal et d'Algarve," published in 1822, a progress appears

up to that period. The lists are very imperfect, but it appears that in the years 1815, 16, 17, 18, 19, the excess of births above deaths, and the proportion of both to the whole number of the people, is such as to show a great but uncertain rate of increase.

TURKEY IN EUROPE.

Of the population of Turkey nothing is known, Its European territory is stated to contain 7,000,000 of inhabitants; no improbable estimation, considering what is known of Portugal; it is rational to presume that this country has, in fifteen years, increased five per cent., or one million.

From the statement here exhibited, it appears that the inhabitants of Europe have, within the period that has elapsed since the general peace, been augmented by the number of twentyeight or twenty-nine millions.

XXV. COMPARATIVE ESTIMATE OF THE AMOUNT OF ANIMATE AND INANIMATE FORCE APPLIED TO AGRICULTURE AND THE ARTS IN FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN. [Abridged from M. Charles Dupin's Work on the Productive and Commercial Forces of France.]

VARIOUS modes have been adopted for estimating the strength of a nation. Riches, number of population, extent of territory, and military force, have been reckoned among the chief elements of a nation's power. These are subject, however, to so many modifications from other causes, that they can hardly be taken separately into the account. The three great branches of human industry in civilized countries, are agriculture, manufactures, and commerce; and a nation is strong in proportion as these are prosecuted with success. This principle may be illustrated by a brief parallel between the productive force of France and Great Britain.

The 31,800,000 inhabitants which now constitute the population of France, are equivalent to a power of 12,609,057 individuals of the male sex, at the age of full vigor. It is a position generally admitted in France, that two-thirds of the population are employed in agriculture; and that a third only is occupied in manufacturing and commercial pursuits, Hence it results that France possesses

A human agricultural power equivalent to that of And a power of industry, manufacturing and com- ? mercial, equal to

8,406,038 laboring men, 4,203,019

Total 12,609,057

Were it not that the industry of man has found the means of calling extraneous force to its aid, its means would be confined to the amount of power above enumerated: but man employs other forces than his own in agricultural labors, and principally that of the horse, of the ass, of the mule, the ox, and the cow; and with the help of these, the animate agricultural force of France has increased to the following sum :

On making similar calculations of the agricultural force of Great Britain, and stating at 15,000,000, the number of inhabitants of England and Scotland, of whom a third only are employed in agriculture, and the other two-thirds in commerce and manufactures, we shall have,

If we proceed in the same way with regard to Great Britain, as we have done with respect to France, and make a comparative calculation of the power in men, and the power in other animals, engaged in agriculture, we shall find,

Human race

5,000,000 equivalent to 2,132,446 effective laborers. Horses of full growth 1,250,000 8,750,000

Oxen, cows, &c.

5,500,000

13,750,000

Total 24,632,446

Ireland; approximating estimate 7,455,701

Total for the United Kingdom 32,088,147

Taking the proportion of this total force of 24,632,446 to the human force applicable to agriculture, we find it to be as 12. Whence it appears, that the agriculturists of England and Scotland have discovered the means of creating a force, twelve times the amount of their personal corporeal force, by the use they make of domestic animals; while the additional force obtained through similar means by the French agriculturists does not amount to five times their own. It is calculated that in France there are 46,000,000 hectares of land made to

* A hectare contains 10,000 square metres, or 100 ares. An English acre is very nearly equal to 40 ares; therefore a hectare is about 2 acres.