her consent was controverted by the defendant, who testified, in effect, that he had sent her from home in opposition to her wishes, and that the separation had begun without her acquiescence and continued so until he had brought an action against her for divorce in 1899. Counsel for plaintiff then offered in evidence several letters written by her to plaintiff from Salt Lake City during the four months immediately following the separation; the purpose being to impeach her testimony and also to corroborate the plaintiff's statement that the separation had been by mutual consent. These letters are all incorporated in the record. We shall not enter into an examination of them in detail. Suffice it to say, that they are all expressive ́of friendly regard, a full understanding on defendant's part of the cause of the separation, and that it was to be of indefinite duration. There is not in any of them an expression of the least dissatisfaction with anything done by plaintiff looking to a separation, nor of any desire on her part to resume the old relations. They enter into the details of her daily life. They refer fre

which she would have him send her, and some of them contain minute directions as to what disposition should be made by him of the other furniture, books, toilet articles, and bric-a-brac which she had left in the home, when he concluded, as he afterwards did, to break up housekeeping and rent the family residence.

the evidence and argument in the cause shall not have requested findings in writing and had such request entered in the minutes of the court. * * Even so, the duty to make findings becomes imperative when timely request is made, as was done by plaintiff's counsel. Estill v. Irvine, 10 Mont. 509, 26 Pac. 1005; Quinlan v. Calvert, 31 Mont. 115, 77 Pac. 428. A party failing to make such request cannot allege error because of the omission to obey the command of the statute. Every finding necessary to support the judgment will then be implied. Morse v. Swan, 2 Mont. 306; Ingalls v. Austin, 8 Mont. 333, 20 Pac. 637; Forrester v. Boston & Mont. C. C. & S. Min. Co., 21 Mont. 544, 55 Pac. 229, 353; Vreeland v. Edens, 35 Mont. 413, 89 Pac. 735. Nevertheless its plain mandate should be obeyed in every case, by the making of specific findings upon all material issues of fact made by the pleadings, followed by the appropriate conclusion or conclusions of law, indicating the judgment to be entered there- | on. Section 6764. The court having failed to pursue the statute, the plaintiff is entitled to have the decree reversed. [6] Counsel has assigned many errors up-quently to articles of household furniture on rulings made in the admission and exclusion of evidence. The evidence admitted over objection was in some instances incompetent or immaterial. The presumption may be indulged that in reaching the final. conclusion the court disregarded it. We find no prejudicial error in this regard; nor, except in one instance, was any of the excluded evidence of substantial value. In some in- "A consent need not be expressed in words. stances the evidence offered had already been It may be implied from the failure of the admitted or subsequently found its way into parties to make overtures after a quarrel; the record without objection. [7] For illus- from acquiescence in the separation; from tration: Upon his direct examination the a positive refusal to renew cohabitation aftplaintiff was asked what his intention was er a separation; from a deed of separation; with reference to the manner of living he from a desire of plaintiff that her husband proposed to furnish to defendant if she had should occupy separate apartments; or from returned to live with him. He had thereto- other circumstances which show the plainfore testified, substantially, that he had in- tiff's consent, or that the separation was not vited her by letter to return to him, offering against her will. The consent need not be and intending at the same time to provide express; it may be tacit, as where the plaina home for her, and to furnish her such style tiff is willing and had made no objection. of living as his means would justify. The When a separation has taken place under court, upon defendant's objection, would not circumstances from which the plaintiff's conpermit him to answer. The evidence called sent can be inferred, such separation is not for was material to show plaintiff's good faith wrongful, and will not become so until he in his effort to bring about a reconciliation, has made some efforts to seek the return of and it was clearly competent for him to the defendant." 1 Nelson on Divorce & state what his real purpose was. Finch v. Separation, § 67. In the absence of express Kent, 24 Mont. 268, 61 Pac. 653; 1 Jones on consent, it is the province of the court to Evidence, §§ 145, 167; Greenleaf on Evidence, take into consideration all the facts and cir§ 328c; 1 Wigmore on Evidence, § 581. [8] cumstances occurring at the time the sepThe statement previously made by him, how- aration is initiated, together with the subever, had already supplied the fact sought to sequent acts and admissions of the parties, be brought out. The error was without prej- and from them to determine whether there udice. was such mutual consent as to relieve the one party from the charge of desertion by the other. McMullin v. McMullin, 140 Cal. 112, 73 Pac. 808. [10] Once the relation has been established by mutual agreement, express or implied, it will be presumed to con

[9] Plaintiff had testified that he and defendant had separated by mutual consent at the beginning of the year 1898; that the defendant had since that time been living in Salt Lake City, Utah, and other places, as it

consent and in good faith seeks reconcilia- | exchanged frequently. The plaintiff sometion and restoration. When this shall have been done by one party, and the other rejects the overtures thus made, the latter is guilty of desertion. Rev. Codes, § 3650; Howard v. Howard, 134 Cal. 346, 66 Pac. 367. The theory of the statute is that, where both parties have consented, neither can allege that the act of the other is wrongful, until consent has been revoked, though each may at the time of the separation have intended to abandon the other. Benkert v. Benkert, 32 Cal. 468; Herold v. Herold, 47 N. J. Eq. 210, 20 Atl. 375, 9 L. R. A. 696. [11] In view of the conflict in the statements of the parties, these letters, written almost immediately after the separation, furnished convincing evidence that they were living apart by mutual consent. The exclusion of them was prejudicial error.

[12] Having reached the conclusion that the decree must be reversed because of the errors noted, it becomes our duty under the statute (Rev. Codes, § 6253) to determine the questions of law and fact presented by the record, upon the whole case, and to make such disposition of it as the circumstances require.

times remitted money. Suddenly, in April 1898, the exchange of letters ceased. There is nothing in the evidence to explain this fact; but in none of the 14 letters written by defendant during that time, was anything said by way of objection to the separation, and so far as she referred to the condition of affairs then existing, she was entirely satisfied with it. She never expressed, directly or indirectly, any desire to return, and, as has already been stated, advised the plaintiff as to the disposition of household effects when he came to rent the house. While denying that she did acquiesce in the arrangement for separation, the defendant explained that by the term "acquiesce" she meant that she and plaintiff did not enter into any express agreement that they would separate In January, 1899, the plaintiff began an action in Silver Bow county against defendant for divorce on the ground of desertion and also adultery. She filed her counterclaim for district court found that she had been guilty divorce, alleging cruelty and desertion. The of the adulteries alleged against her, and entered a decree for the plaintiff. Upon appeal this court reversed the decree on the

ground that, assuming that the adulteries were fully established, the plaintiff had con

[13] As we have pointed out, the court excluded evidence which we deem substantially material to a determination of the question how the separation of the parties was ini-doned them. It ordered the action to be dis

tiated. If this were in the record merely in the form of an offer to prove by the oral statements of witnesses, we should feel impelled to order a new trial or to remand the case, with direction to the district court to admit the evidence and consider it in making its findings; for it is the exclusive prerogative of that court to determine the credibility of witnesses, and this court may not invade its province. But here the evidence in question is in writing. This being the condition, no question of its credibility arises and this court may as well interpret it and attach to it the import it ought to have as the trial court. We shall therefore regard it as properly before us and consider the case upon the merits.

The plaintiff and defendant were the only witnesses. As already stated, their testimony was in direct conflict, though neither stated definitely what was said and done at the time the agreement was reached to separate. The letters themselves, however, point to one conclusion only, viz., that they separated by mutual consent. What the impelling cause was it is not now important to inquire; but it appears that scandalous rumors touching the conduct of defendant in accepting attentions from other men had come to the knowledge of plaintiff, that he was displeased on account of them, and that both thought that a separation would be expedient. These rumors we assume were the moving cause. Accordingly the defendant went to Salt Lake City, Utah, to live with her parents. For four months letters were

Bor

missed, because it was of the opinion that
neither party was entitled to relief.
deaux v. Bordeaux, 30 Mont. 36, 75 Pac. 524,
on rehearing, 32 Mont. 159, 80 Pac. 6. This
litigation ended in April, 1905. No exchange
of communications, either by personal inter-

It has been

view or by letter, occurred between the par-
ties after this date, until March 19, 1906.
On that date the plaintiff wrote to defend-
ant as follows: "Dear Ella:
some time since I have sent you any money
to your support, and for all of the difficulties
that there have been between us, I have al-
ways intended to fulfill my duty which I
You will find
may be under towards you.
inclosed in this letter a draft for one hun-
dred dollars, which I hope you will accept
and make use of. I wish further to say
that as the past trouble has not resulted in
gain to either one of us, should you at any
time wish to return to Butte to live I will
provide you with a suitable home.
truly, Jno. R. Bordeaux."

Yours

The defendant made no reply. On March 13, 1907, she wrote plaintiff as follows: “Mr. John R. Bordeaux: I am here in Butte. I am now, as I have been for the past several years, without any means of support. You have contributed nothing for two years, except the small sum of $100. I desire to remain in Butte. It will be necessary for me to have at least the sum of $500 per month hereafter from you for my support. This will be a meager allowance and one which you can well afford to pay. I expect to be at large expense in obtaining and fitting up liv

ing quarters and consequently must require | her husband, saying that, judging by his past you to pay me at once the sum of $2,500 for this purpose, together with the sum of $500 for the first month's support. In case you refuse to comply I shall undertake to force compliance by legal proceedings. You have neglected the obligation of support long enough. Kindly notify John J. McHatton, my attorney, and pay the money to him. Ella F. Bordeaux."

To this plaintiff replied: "Butte, Montana, March 15, 1907. Dear Ella: I am in receipt | of your letter of date March 13, 1907, and in reply to same, I desire to call your attention to my letter of date March 15, 1906, in which I invited you to return to Butte, to live with me, and stating that I would provide you with a suitable home. I have heard nothing from you since that time until today, when I received your letter. In view of which silence I have long ago made up my mind that you did not intend to return to Butte to live with me, and that you had evidently found quarters more to your liking. However, if you desire to return to live with me, I will provide you with such living quarters as my means will warrant. I am not willing, however, to accede to the unreasonable demand contained in your. letter, but am always willing to perform my duty as a husband, as I understand it, and as required by the laws of this state. I shall do everything which the laws of this state require me to do, and I will discharge every obligation which the laws of this state require of me because of the relation I sustain to you. And in accordance therewith, I am prepared to provide you with a suitable home and to furnish you with maintenance and support. I am now residing at No. 320 West Broadway, in this city, which is a suitable home for us both, and I will welcome you there, if you choose to return and resume our marital relations, and will provide you with all necessary and proper support and maintenance. Otherwise, I shall consider myself under no further obligation to contribute to your support. Trusting that you will see fit to return home, I remain your affectionate husband. John R. Bordeaux."

In reply to this letter defendant wrote a long communication in which she stated that in his letter of March, 1906, plaintiff had failed to ask her to return to Butte to live with him, and charged him with bad faith in writing the one of March 15, 1907, saying that he did it merely for the purpose of protecting himself against his obligation to discharge the duty he owed her under the law to furnish her with support. She also charged him with malignant cruelty toward her, and with desertion, because he had failed to furnish her any support subsequent to March 26, 1898. She stated that the place designated by him as the home to which he invited her was neither desirable nor suitable. She refused to accept his judgment as to what

conduct, she preferred to take the judgment of the court upon that subject. The letter concludes: "I shall, therefore, be forced to reserve all my rights, which I hereby notify you I do, and to insist upon the discharge of your obligation under the law-not as you believe it, or think it, or are willing to suggest it to be-but as it really is. The fault is now, and it always has been, with you. Since you are not willing to accord me my rights I must rely upon the law and its justice for that purpose."

It was admitted by plaintiff that he had contributed nothing towards the support of defendant after the institution of his action in 1899, except the sum of $100 sent to her on March 19, 1906. It appears that he has during the time since the separation been receiving a gross income of about $500 per month. There is no direct evidence on the subject; but that the defendant has never been in want is a just inference from the fact that she has been living in Salt Lake City, Utah, Seattle, Wash., Portland, Or., or at Butte, as it has suited her convenience, with funds sufficient to meet her personal expenses. The source of these funds is not definitely disclosed, but circumstances appearing in the evidence indicate that she has obtained them, either from her parents or from the income from property inherited by her from them since the date of the separation. It was not controverted that out of the income received by plaintiff he has been required to pay his taxes and bear the expense of insurance and necessary repairs upon the property from which it is derived, besides his current personal expenses, and that he was required to meet the expenses of the litigation attendant upon the action for divorce instituted in 1899, including counsel fees for both himself and the defendant. It appears that he contracted on this account a considerable indebtedness, and that for that purpose he put an incumbrance upon some of his property, which still remains. Nor is it controverted that the place designated in his letter of March 15, 1907, as his home, is in a very desirable part of the city of Butte and is such as he can reasonably afford. As a reason why he did not in his letter designate the home where they were living at the time of the separation, he stated that it was then under a lease for a term of years and was not available. The only objection made by defendant to the home to which he invited her appears to be that, being a suite of rooms in a rooming house, she could not keep servants and live in the sumptuous style that she desired.

[14] There is nothing in any of this evidence upon which a conclusion can be based that either of the parties did anything to change the agreement to separate, in 1898, prior to March 15, 1907. It does not appear that the plaintiff agreed in 1898 to support

did, when his remittances ceased she made | been living apart, it is not to be expected in no complaint; nor did she upon the cessation all cases that, when reconciliation is sought, of them, or at any time afterwards, revoke the overtures will be couched in the most afher consent to remain away or express any fectionate and apologetic terms. Plaintiff desire to return home. Nor did the bringing | did not seek a personal interview with deof the action for divorce, in 1899, work a fendant, but certainly no inducement was change in the status quo. His effort to dissolve the marriage, met by a countereffort on her part to do the same, only emphasized the willingness of both to remain apart permanently. The original separation by consent was therefore not converted into a desertion by either one by any act of revocation by the other, under the provisions of the statute (Rev. Codes, § 3650), until the letter of March 15, 1907, was written by the plaintiff.

[15] It is insisted that this was not in good faith, but was induced by her threat to institute legal proceedings against him. Whether it was written in good faith was a question of fact. Wagner v. Wagner, 104 Cal. 295, 37 Pac. 935; McMullin v. McMullin, 123 Cal. 653, 56 Pac. 554; Olcott v. Olcott (N. J.) 26 Atl. 469; Musgrave v. Musgrave, 185 Pa. 260, 39 Atl. 961; Porter v. Porter, 162 Ill. 398, 44 N. E. 740. It may be true that the threat of the defendant in her letter of March 13th was the immediate, moving cause of his writing this letter; and it may be also true that he had in his mind the additional purpose of laying the foundation for a charge of desertion against her in case she refused his overtures; but, while these considerations might reflect upon the question of his good faith, they may not be regarded as conclusive that his motive was sinister. [16] There is nothing in the evidence reflecting upon the real motive, other than plaintiff's declaration that he extended the invitation with the intention that defendant should accept it, and her declaration that she did not accept it, because she did not regard it as made in good faith. It contains no apology for his conduct in charging her with adultery

in his former action for divorce; nor is there in it any express plea for forgiveness. But he expressed a willingness for a reconciliation, offered to furnish her a home, to resume cohabitation, and to discharge his duties under the law. If it were necessary that he ask condonation for the past, this was clearly implied. She could easily have tested his sincerity by accepting his overtures, and had he then refused to receive her or thereafter proved derelict, her rights as his lawful wife would not have been prejudiced. But she could not capriciously refuse to accept his offer, because it was not couched in the terms which she would have dictated or preferred. As regrettable as may be the fact, the marriage status is in many cases preserved for no higher motive than that of convenience, and where the parties, alienated by friction in the home due to incompatibility of temper or other cause, have

held out to him to do so in defendant's letter. This letter not only was a distinct rejection of his overtures, but was tantamount to a declaration of hostility. He was not bound to go further and seek a personal interview or concede the extravagant demand made by her that he should put at her disposal his entire income, besides paying over in cash a large sum of money to furnish a home other than the one which he, as the head of the family, had a right to choose, and which, so far as the evidence shows, was reasonably suitable and within the compass of his income. Upon the face of it, his offer of reconciliation was made in good faith.

Upon the whole case the district court should have found that the original separation was by consent; that the offer of reconciliation was in good faith; that it was capriciously rejected by the defendant; and, as a conclusion of law, that the plaintiff is entitled to the relief demanded.

Counsel in their briefs discussed many questions not at all pertinent to the issues involved in this case. We shall not notice any of them.

The order denying a new trial is affirmed. The cause is remanded to the district court, with directions to set aside the decree, to find in accordance with the conclusions stated above, and to enter a decree in favor of the plaintiff.

SMITH and HOLLOWAY, JJ., concur.

(43 Mont. 126)

ALBERTINI v. LINDEN.

(Supreme Court of Montana. March 27, 1911.) 1. MASTER AND SERVANT (§ 80*)-ACTION FOR WAGES AMOUNT OF COMPENSATION-EVIDENCE.

In an action for services in driving defendant's ice wagon rendered from September 22, 1908, to December 6, 1939, plaintiff claimed that he was to receive $2.50 per day and his board, except during the time it was necessary for defendant to instruct him, when he was to receive $2 a day and board, and that defendant claimed that he agreed to pay plaintiff $60 a accompanied him for 12 days only. Defendant month and board, and accompanied him for instruction for 18 days. On plaintiff's theory of the contract there was a balance of $324 due him while under defendant's claim only $197.50 is due. Held, that evidence was admissible for defendant that the entire amount received for lowing September 22, 1908, was only $115, and ice delivered by plaintiff during the month folthat both knew, when the contract was made, that the gross receipts for the winter months would not exceed $120 a month; it being perdered under a special agreement, in which the missible to prove in actions for services renterms of the agreement are controverted, the

For other cases see same topic and section NUMBER in Dec. Dig. & Am. Dig. Key No. Series & Rep'r Indexes