decide whether size and intensity of index marks were acceptable. This procedure was in addition to the standard inspection and control procedures regularly used by the Government Printing Office.

An additional visual inspection was made in Jeffersonville on a "shadow-graph" table (a glass table with the outline of the schedule and some place marks etched on it and a light underneath it). The top and bottom schedule of each package of schedules received were placed on the shadow-graph to see if the printing and cutting were standard. More than two million schedules were discarded as a result of these inspections.

In Jeffersonville, the FOSDIC schedules were bound into enumeration books. The determining factor in the choice of binding was the need to keep schedules flat and unwrinkled during the enumeration process and the later microfilming. A loose-leaf type of binding, consisting of hard covers and a series of wire loops down the back of the book, was chosen. It held the schedules and covers together but permitted them to be swung around under the schedule being written on.

The steps in the bookbinding were: (1) punching holes in the left margins of the schedules, covers, and instruction sheets; (2) collation of the 25-percent sample books, in each of which there were two slightly different types of schedule, four of one type to one of the other, for the 20percent and 5-percent samples on some items; (3) "spooning", or stabbing a spindle a given distance into a pile of sheets through the holes in the margins, to obtain approximately a predetermined number of sheets for a book; (4) inserting the strip of wire loops by hand then closing the wire in a "closing machine"; (5) inspection; and (6) labeling. Every step in the operation underwent qualitycontrol inspection.

Almost a million enumeration books were bound, of which almost 60 percent were for 100-percent enumeration and a little more than 40 percent were for the sample enumeration.

More than 172 million population and housing questionnaires and schedules were printed for the 1960 census. The two-stage census procedure, combined with the use of Advance Census Reports and sample household questionnaires to be filled in by householders as well as FOSDIC schedules filled in by enumerators, resulted in a great increase in the quantity of forms and the amount of paper handled. For every schedule used in 1950, some 12 to 15 questionnaires and schedules were required in 1960--for example, for seven households of an average of four members each that might have been enumerated on one 1950 schedule, the 1960 procedure required seven Advance Census Reports, two 100percent FOSDIC schedules (i.e., two pages, or one sheet, in an enumeration book), one or two sample household questionnaries, one or two "extra-person forms," and one or two sample FOSDIC forms.

It may be noted that this was still less than one questionnaire or schedule per person in the United States. The use of individual questionnaires, or of both individual and household questionnaires, which is customary in many countries of Europe, would have required many more forms.

An additional 43 million pieces of supplemental material, such as listing books, internal-use forms, training materials, etc., were used in the field. They were printed by the Government Printing Office and shipped to Jeffersonville for storage until needed and for distribution to the field offices.

low.

The principal types and quantities of printed material (forms and manuals) used are shown be

Including the regional and State variations, there were approximately 250 different forms and manuals used in connection with the enumeration, nearly 200 of which were prepared especially for the censuses. (Additional forms and manuals were prepared for the pretests, for the data processing and preparation of publications, for the post-enumeration evaluation program, and for the Survey of Components of Change and Residential Finance.)

SUPPLIES, EQUIPMENT, AND LOGISTICS

Several years prior to 1960, the Bureau began to make plans to acquire the large volume of supplies and equipment needed for the censuses, to distribute them to the field offices, and to dispose of them after the enumeration was completed.

Intensive research was started in 1957 for the development of specifications for such major items as shipping containers, folding tables to be used in place of desks, briefcase portfolios for use by enumerators in the field, and filmstrip projectors for use in the training of the field personnel. To develop specifications that would meet the Bureau's needs required a great deal of research and also consultation with specialists in other Government agencies and with various manufac

turers, because many standard commercial items were not entirely suitable for the particular uses for which they were needed for the censuses.

The Bureau's requirements for filmstrip projectors were unique in that the projectors had to be shipped to all parts of the country, used a few times during the training program, and then disposed of after the enumerators were trained. Standard commercial projectors were much more elaborate and costly than the Bureau needed. Available Federal specifications called for a heavy-duty projector designed for a long life and for various applications. In order to obtain projectors for the census training program at the lowest possible cost, it was necessary to revise the Federal specifications to eliminate many features which were not needed. For example, for the training program, projectors were needed for only single-frame filmstrips, and only one size of lens was to be used, so the specifications were changed to delete the requirement that projectors be able to handle double-frame filmstrips and be equipped to accommodate other sizes of lens. However, the Bureau specified that the projectors be packaged in individual cartons, which could be used to hold the projector and also the phonograph records and filmstrips for a complete training-program kit.

In the case of shipping containers, among the materials considered were steel, wood, various plastics, and fiberboard with a plastic center. To insure the confidentiality of the census records and to protect them from damage, the material had to be strong, water repellent, and fire retardant. A letter was sent to manufacturers in various industries explaining the problem and asking for recommendations as to materials and construction of the containers. Working closely with the manufacturers, containers were tested under actual census field conditions to develop the one most suitable for the census operations. Eighty-two thousand special corrugated fiberboard containers were purchased for use as shipping containers and also for use as sorting and storage bins. Two hundred thousand removable sleeve-type inserts were purchased to convert the cartons into temporary sorting and storage bins for use in the field offices in lieu of additional filing cabinets. A sheet with drawings showing the method of assembling the cartons for use as sorting and storage bins was prepared and furnished each office. A comparison of the cost of shipping these fiberboard boxes to the field offices against the estimated cost of shipping wooden boxes like those which were used for the 1950 census indicated a saving in the initial shipping cost alone of more than $100,000.

While the FOSDIC schedules did not require use of any particular writing instrument, it was regarded as worthwhile to attempt to get reasonably uniform marks with a readily available writing instrument. Consequently, a series of tests of writing instruments was made. Since there would be more than 150,000 enumerators, a writing tool was needed which was low in cost, easily replaced, convenient to use, and consistent as to quality of work. It was also necessary for the enumerator to be able to erase marks made by error on the schedules. After testing ball-point pens and automatic and regular pencils of different degrees of hardness,a first-quality, wood-encased No. 2-1/2 pencil with a suitable eraser was selected. Each enumerator received several pencils, and the same type of pencil was used when circles on the FOSDIC schedules were filled during coding operations. Use of these pencils was not required but was requested to the extent possible.

During fiscal years 1959 and 1960, the Bureau issued a total of 50 invitations for bids, awarded 1,731 contracts, and issued 10,074 purchase orders. Examples of the volume of items purchased were 187,000 portfolios, 19 million special envelopes, 8,350 gross of special pencils, 5,960 projectors, 1,200 mobile-bin file units, 1,900 folding tables, and over 500,000 boxes of all types and sizes.

Most of the materials for the field work were sent to the Jeffersonville Operations Office as soon as they were prepared or acquired, and were distributed from there. As the materials were received in Jeffersonville, they were stored in roughly the order in which they would be needed. A total of 250,000 square feet were used for storing the supplies.

Kits of training and enumeration materials, each containing all the supplies that would be needed by a particular type of worker for a particular phase of the operation, were assembled and packaged in Jeffersonville. Assembly started with pre-packaging: the materials for a kit were grouped in a design room and the best packaging determined. Four conveyor belts were used for feed lines for the actual assembly.

There were five types of portfolios for enumerators in continental United States--for "block cities" (for which housing data were to be published by block), for other areas, for both block cities and other areas in New York State (because of the question on citizenship which was omitted in the other States), and for single-stage areas. In addition to the other materials, all the portfolios for the two-stage District Offices were tailored to contain 100 envelopes, pre-addressed to the particular District Office, to be left with the sample household questionnaire which the respondent was to mail in.

There were 14 different types of crew leader kits, containing recruiting forms, training materials, administrative forms and supplies, and geographic check material. A total of 36,245 were prepared and shipped.

Other kits prepared and shipped for use by personnel of the District Offices contained some office supplies (though basic office supplies for the District Offices were shipped from General Services Administration), recruiting forms, personnel forms, control and reporting forms, and training materials including filmstrips, records, and projectors. The 5,900 projectors were shipped from Jeffersonville.

The maps and all the kits were sent to the 399 District Offices. The District Offices distributed those for crew leaders and enumerators to the crew leaders, and the crew leaders distributed the enumerator kits.

Assembly of the kits started on January 4, 1960, and the bulk of this work ended 8 weeks later, though some additional material was sent out as long as the District Offices were open.

The enumerator portfolio, which was both the crucial kit and the one prepared in largest quantity, was the only one for which assembly production records were kept. Peak production of 94 kit assemblers was 9,080 portfolios stuffed in 1 day of two 8-hour shifts, or an average of 6 seconds per portfolio, each containing an average of 10 items.

The number of portfolios prepared for the different types of enumeration districts (ED's) was as follows:

The Advance Census Reports were prepared for 36,000 post offices. The Jeffersonville Office received all of the post offices' annual reports for the preceding year. From the number of families served by each postmaster, a number intended to represent sufficient Advance Census Reports for each carrier route was calculated. Sixty million Advance Census Reports were packaged into cartons that had printed instructions to the postmaster on each side, and the cartons were addressed to the individual postmasters and shipped to Post Office distribution centers.

Large supplemental shipments of Advance Census Reports had to be made to all the distribution centers. In many cases this was because postal carriers gave out the forms to hotels and other institutions along their routes; the postal bulletin which explained where the Advance Census Reports should be left by the carriers failed to specify the types of dwelling places at which they should not be left. In many other cases, the number of families served by a post office as reported by the postmaster proved to be an inadequate basis for calculating the number of Advance Census Reports needed; many of the families contained more than one household according to census definitions, and in addition the holders of post office boxes in towns and cities were not included in the figures.

Forms for persons overseas were mailed to consulates and embassies abroad.

The assembly, packing, and shipping of the material needed in the field for enumeration was completed by March 17, two weeks before the census.

The last item shipped from Jeffersonville was the "Were You Counted?" form on newspaper mats and reproduction proofs which were sent to field offices for distribution to local newspapers.

In 1958, the Bureau began to acquire excess office furniture from other Federal agencies, for use in the 399 District Offices and in the Census Operations Office in Jeffersonville. By April 1, 1960, the Bureau had acquired and distributed to these offices more than 8,700 desks, 6,500 tables, 20,000 chairs, and 2,000 file cabinets, at no cost to the Bureau other than the transportation and handling charges. The furniture was assembled at 20 stockpile locations throughout the country and was shipped from these locations to the field offices when the offices were ready to open.

One thousand and thirty-seven typewriters were rented locally by the District Offices, as were 1,068 adding machines.

Special procedures were established to dispose of the property in the District Offices quickly after the enumeration, because most of the offices had to close and vacate the premises promptly in accordance with lease commitments and in order to keep costs to a minimum. Immediately following the initial shipment of the property from the stockpile locations to the temporary field offices, a report listing the property at each office was sent to the proper General Services Administration regional office for review for possible future Federal utilization. A State Agency for Surplus Property

of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare also reviewed the list to see if any of the local State institutions authorized to obtain surplus Federal property had any need for any of the material reported. If any agency needed any of the property, the Bureau was notified. If the Bureau had not received a request for the property from either Federal or State agencies immediately prior to the time the district field office was to close, the supervisor of the office was authorized to contact officials of the local school system to ascertain if they were willing to acquire the property and to remove it from the office premises. If the property could not be disposed of by any of these procedures, the supervisor was authorized to sell the property to local office equipment dealers. If no dealers were interested, he was authorized as a last resort to receive bids and to sell the remaining property to local junk dealers.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

U.S. Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C.:

"The 18th Decennial Census of the United States." lease.)

1959? 4 pp.

(Public Information Office re

18th Decennial Census of the U.S.: Background Materials on Microfilm. Reel 1-. 1962/

On microfilm. See especially:

Reels 4-13, 1960 Censuses of Population and Housing: Forms and Instructions Used in the 50 States and the District of Columbia. (Forms and instructions for the enumeration and data processing, including reporting and quality control, but excluding pretests, evaluation program, and SCARF.) 10 reels of microfilm, each containing approx. 700 frames.

"The Nation's Five-Foot Shelf." 1959. 7 pp. (Public Information Office release.)

1960 Decennial Censuses of Population and Housing: Decennial Operations Manual. Vol. II. Administrative Procedures--Jeffersonville Processing Office. 1960. 7 parts, paged separately, approx. 40 pp.

"Women Count."

1959. 8 pp.

(Public Information Office release.)

Other Sources:

U.S. Post Office Department. "Advance Census Report." Postal Bulletin, 1960, p. 1.

Vol. 81, No. 20184, Feb. 25,

"1960 Census of Population and Housing Allocation Program." Postal Bulletin, Vol. 81, No. 20188, March 24, 1960, p. 1.