THE MARBLE CURIOSITY.

To the Editor of the Pennsylvansa Inquirer.

SIR: Much has been written and much more has been said upon the subject of my marble slab; but nothing has transpired that has given satisfaction to my mind. That the characters are Hebrew, is now generally admit

There is nothing particularly worthy of remark in re-ted by the learned in that language. It would seem that ference to the bill of mortality for the month of April. The general amount of disease prevailing in the City and Liberties, is rather under than above the average With the excepof the years immediately preceding. tion of the Scarlet Fever and Measles, which prevail to a limited extent, and a few cases of Small Pox, our city remains free from the presence of any epidemic. Catarrns, Pleurisies and Rheumatisms, are generally very prevalent at this season of the year-being produced not only by the wet and variable weather with which it is accompanied, but, also, by the imprudence of most individuals in changing too soon their winter for summer cloathing.

they must have been either placed where they are now found since the stone was taken out of the quarry and cut, or have been engraved upon the rock at some ancient period of time, and have been buried in it by the gradual accumulation of its particles, or they are fossil remains in the natural formation of the rock,-or they are a lusus naturæ, a mere freak of nature, the effect of chance. Now, let us examine each of these in their order. Have the letters been put there since the slab was sawed? If so, by whom, and with what motive? The foreman who attended the sawing, is a young man of excellent character, and he is willing to make an oath that they were discovered by him as soon as the pieces were separated, and he immediately called several respectable persons to witness the phenomenon. The testimony of two or three gentlemen is already before the public. He had no motive to practice a deception, -the block did not belong to him. Mr. Ramsey, the former owner, is a gentleman of the first respectability, esteemed by all who know him. He presented it to me. Besides, an examination of the slab convinced Mr. Strickland and Mr. Peal, and would convince any com143 342 petent person, that there is no mark of a tool nor any recent mark of art whatever having been used: the surface of the indentation as well as that of the letters is semi-vitrified. It cannot therefore, be credited, that these letters have been put there since the block was quarried and the slab cut.

Deaths in APRIL, from 1807 to 1830.

To.

214

231

98 224 86 210 113 290

(Both inclusive.)

Years.

Ad.

Ch.

To. | Years.

Ad.

Ch.

1807

111 46

157 1819

117

97

1808

101

126

152 1822 124

155 1823 177
199
140 91 231
190 200 390
145 275
133 318
180 353
170 348

130

161 75 Statement of the BIRTHS in the City and Liberties of Philadelphia, for the three first months of the

year 1830.

300 Females, 340 Males,

January,
February, 297 do
March, 313 do

950

283 do
286 do

869

Total of Births for three months-1819. We cannot receive this as the absolute amount of Births during these months, but only so far as reports have been received at the Health Office; many Physicians, it is believed, have not furnished statements, and it is well known that numerous births annually occur, of We may safely which no reports are ever received. add at least 100 to the total amount given here, in order to obtain the proper number which have occurred.

State of the Thermometer, at the Health Office, for April.

Have the letters been engraved at some ancient period of time, and have they been buried in the rock by the gradual accumulation of the particles of matter? The first part of this proposition appears probable, from their being in the form of well known characters, -from the regular shape of the indentation,-from the position of the letters, they being nicely disposed of, at equal distances from the top and the bottom of the indentation or entablature,-from the equal and proportionable thicknesses of the letters themselves-and from their being placed at a proper distance from each other: all these, I say, would lead us to believe that they were the work of man; but here the probability of the proposition ends, for one cannot conceive how the particles of this, which is a primitive limestone, could have accumulated so as to have buried the inscription in the solid body of the rock 60 or 70 feet deep, where it was found.

Shall we get rid of the difficulties by adopting either of the other suppositions? I fear not. It does not bear the appearance of a fossil; besides, as I said before, the rock in which it was found is primitive, in which no fossil remains are ever found: no plant, leaf, shell, nor any 58 thing of the kind have ever been discovered in a work 59 of this character. To say that it is a lusus naturæ, is 58 giving very little information; but even this little it is

3

difficult to affirm, for it implies that it was the effect of chance, that is to say, that chance composed two Hebrew characters of equal sizes!-chance made for their reception a beautifully formed entablature just large enough to receive them!-and chance disposed of them therein, in order, at equal distances from the top and bottom of the table and from each other! It may be so, but it is not easy of belief.

I am, Sir, your obedient servant,

P. A. BROWNE.

To the Editor of the Pennsylvania Inquirer SIR-I observe that Mr. Browne, in the account he gives of his curious marble slab, takes it for granted that the lime rock in which it was found is a primitive. Now, I would beg leave to inquire, with a sincere de sire to be informed upon the subject, if this is the undoubted case.

cause he thinks he has indentified it with the argillite of the Cohoes falls and the bank of the Hudson; but professor Dewey says that the Williamstown slate appears to him clearly to be primitive. See 2nd vol. Silliman's Journal, 248.

In page 31 of Professor Eaton's Geological Survey, published in 1824, he describes primitive argillite; and in page 62 of the same work, observes that he had long been a follower of Bakewell in placing argillite in the transition class, but that after six years' examination made along more than 200 miles of the range which crosses the section west of Williams College, assisted by his pupils, he discovered no petrifactions nor anthracite coal, and that he had yielded to the authority of Professor Silliman and Col. Gibbs, (good authority) in placing argillite in the primitive.

If I recollect right, Mr. Browne, in his first letter, (which I have not before me,) presents the following as the relics of primitive rocks found in this district, commencing at Philadelphia and proceeding up the Schuylkill river, viz: gneis mica slate, hornblende, talcose slate, primitive clay slate, and primitive lime rock. But upon turning to Eaton's Geological Nomenclature for North America rocks, founded upon his geological surveys, I find he gives a different enumeration, viz-is clearly proved to be primitive, and it reposes, congranite, mica slate, hornblende, talcose slate, granular quartz, and granular lime rock.

Argillite, which Mr. Eaton divides into wacke and clay slate, he places in the transition class.

"Werner" judges rightly, when he concludes that I will not dispute his position that if the lime rock in which the slab was found reposes upon a rock clearly transition, that the lime rock must also be transition. Had I been endeavouring to prove that the lime rock was primitive, by the single circumistance of its reposing upon the argillite, this observation would have carried with it weight. But this writer, who is endeav ouring to establish that there is no such thing as primi tive argillite, has omitted to notice, that if the lime rock formably, upon the argillite, that the primitive character of the argillite is thereby clearly established. Now I did not assert that the primitive character of the lime rock was established by the mere circumstance of its reposing upon the argillite: I say that the lime rock bears internal evidence of its primitive character, and I rely, among other things, upon its crystalline struc. ture; upon the total absence of fossil remains; upon its colouring matter being mineral, known by its resisting the power of the blowpipe; and upon the talco-micain what I am about to add, Mr. B. and I can have no ceous slate that occurs upon its cleavage. I appeal to difference of opinion. If the argillite which he quotes "Werner" whether these are not irrefragable proofs.as primitive, is clearly proved to be transition, and the As regards the observation of Professor Eaton, that he lime rock in which his curiosity was found reposes upon does not believe that there is any such thing as primithe argillite, the lime rock must also be transition; and tive argillite on this globe, I would remark that in this if the lime rock is transition, then that which has been district we have a clay slate corresponding preciseconsidered Hebrew characters upon it, may be the fos-ly to the primitive argillite which he describes in page sil remains of some unknown animal. Sed quere. WERNER.

I will also call your attention to an observation made by this geologist in page 19 of the same work, where he says "we have no primitive argilite in our district, if organic remains form the characteristic distinction; neither do I believe there is such a rock as primitive argillite on this globe."

To the Editor of the Pennsylvania Inquirer. Sir-I observed in your paper of Thursday last, a piece signed "Werner," in which the writer suggests, that the rock from which my marble slab was taken, may be transition, and that what has been taken for Hebrew characters, may be the fossil remains of some unknown animal. To give countenance to suggestion, reference is made to the works of Professor Amos Eaton, of Troy, N. York. In justice to this distinguished geologist, I will ask the favour of you to publish the whole passage from which "Werner" has made the ex

tract.

"The argillite under which the granular lime rock passes near the Massachusetts line is (says Mr. Eaton) certainly the very same continuous rock which forms the Cohoes falls, and the bed and bank of the Hudson at Baker's falls to Newburgh near the Highlands. All the intervening rocks lie in a kind of inclined trough in the argillite. We have no primitive argillite in our district, if organic remains form the characteristic distinction. Neither do I believe there is such a rock as primitive argillite on this globe. This is Bakewell's opinion; though I have often changed mine, I now believe he is correct, and that the vassetting edges of the same rocks present a mere primitive appearance in all cases, and that this fact has led geologists into ruinous error."Geological Nomenclature, 1828.

31 of his valuable work, which I would be very happy to show him; confident, from what I know of his candour, that if convinced of an error, he would feel no hes itation in withdrawing the above, which was at best but a mere opinion. I am, Sir, your ob❜nt. serv't,

P. A. BROWNE.

Mr. Kennedy, the superintendent of this division, represents that about 50 miles of this canal is complete, with the exception of a few sections that will require trimming-about 10 or 11 miles are more backward, and being heavy sections, will require three months to finish them.

Of 25 locks on this canal, all are finished except four, which are not begun-one of these, the tide lock at Bristol, will be expensive and tedious.

There are nine aqueducts; three of which must be re-built, part of one of them baving already fallen down, It is obvious from the above passage, that Professor and the three are so badly founded and so unskilfully Eaton has pronounced the argillite near the Massachus- pile planked and puddled, that they will soon (proba etts' line to be transition, for no other reason than be-bly) fall, unless they are taken down-the remainder of

the water was let into the Susquehanna canal, but of shallow depth only and some defects were discovered, which have all been repaired, and the water would be let in the beginning of April, and would be fit for navigation if the pile planking and puddling of the aqueducts did not fail-as this part of the work was done before he had the direction of this canal, he is ignorant of its construction or sufficiency.

This engineer says that the canal to Muncy ripples will be completed in three months.

Mr. Rawle, the engineer on these canals states, that tons.

THE

REGISTER OF PENNSYLVANIA.

DEVOTED TO THE PRESERVATION OF EVERY KIND OF USEFUL INFORMATION RESPECTING THE STATE.

VOL. V.-NO. 20.

EDITED BY SAMUEL HAZARD.
PHILADELPHIA, MAY 15, 1830.

BANK OF THE UNITED STATES.

(CONTINUED FROM Page 295.)

NO. 124.

at places remote from the point where it is issued, and not connected with it by a regular commercial intercourse, there will not exist that easy and prompt convertibility which is so essential to the credit of bank paper. When bank bills are confined to their appro

ly and immediately followed by a run upon the bank for specie. This timely admonition is as useful to the bank as it is to the community: for it enables the directors to avoid, with unfailing certainty, an excess equally injurious to both, and which no human sagacity could anticipate or prevent, by calculation merely. Whatever, therefore, in a system of bank circulation, prevents the reflux of redundant issues, necessarily destroys the only adequate security against these injurious, and ruinous excesses.

to say nothing of the inconvenience to which it would expose those at a distance who obtained accommodations-they would be unavoidably granted without any knowledge of the circumstances of the persons upon whose credit the Government would depend for re-payment. It would, in fact, be, for all useful purposes, a mere District Bank..

These views of the subject have brought the committee to the conclusion, that, if a Government bank should be established, it would have at least as many branches as the Bank of the United States, and proba bly a much greater number. Few administrations would have the firmness to resist an application to es tablish a branch coming from any quarter of the Union, however injudicious the location might be, upon correct principles of commerce and banking.

III.Having said thus much on the constitutionality and expediency of an incorporated National Bank, the only question which remains to be examined by the committee is, the expediency of establishing a National Bank foun-priate sphere of circulation, a redundant issue is certainded upon the credit of the Government & its revenues It is presumed to have been the intention of the President, in suggesting the inquiry as to a bank founded upon the credit and revenues of the Government, to be understood as having allusion to a bank of discount and deposit. Such a bank, it is taken for granted, would have branches established in various parts of the Union, similar to those now established by the Bank of the United States, and co-extensive with them. The great object of furnishing a national currency could not be accomplished, with an approach to uniformity, with- But a Government Bank without branches would be out the agency of such branches; and another object, obnoxious to another objection which could not be obvisecond only in importance to the one just stated, the ated. Its loans would be confined to the District of Coextention of the commercial facilities of bank accommo-lumbia; or, if extended to the various parts of the Union dations to the different parts of the Union, could not be at all effected without such agency. If there should be simply a great central bank established at the seat of Government, without branches to connect its operations with the various points of the commerce of the Union, the promise to pay specie for its notes, whenever presented, would be almost purely nominal. Of what consequence would it be to a merchant or planter of Louisiana, or a manufacturer or farmer of Maine, that he could obtain specie for bills of the National Bank, on pre senting them at the city of Washington-a place wholly unconnected either with Louisiana or Maine by any sort of commercial intercourse, and where, consequently, these bills would never come in the regular course of trade? A promise to pay specie at a place so remote from the place of circulation, and where the bills would never come but at a great expense, and for the sole purpose of being presented for payment, would neither give credit to the notes, nor operate as an effective check upon excessive issues. Whatever credit such notes might have, at a distance from the place of issue, would not be because they were redeemable at the pleasure of the holder-for such would not be the fact; but principally because of the ultimate responsibility of the But the patronage resulting from the appointment→ Government, and of their being receivable in payment the annnal appointment--of these agents, great as it of all dues to the Treasury. They would rest, there- would doubtless be,would be insignificant and harmless, fore, upon almost precisely the same basis of credit as when compared with that which would result from the the paper money of our Revolution, the assignats of dispensation of bank accommodations to the standing Revolutionary France, and the Treasury notes of the amount of at least fifty millions of dollars! The mind late war. These were receivable in discharge of debts almost instinctively shrinks from the contemplation of due to the Treasury, and Government was of course ul- an idea so ominous to the purity of the Government and timately responsible for their payment; yet the two for- the liberties of the people. No government of which mer depreciated almost to nothing, and the latter, tho' the committee have any knowledge, except perhaps, bearing interest, sunk to 20 per cent. below par. But the despotism of Russia, was ever invested with a patthe notes of a central Government Bank, without branch-ronage at once so prodigious in its influence and so danes, would be subject to depreciation from a cause which gerous in its character. In the most desperate financonstitutes a conclusive objection to such an institution. cial extremities, no other European government has There would be nothing to limit excessive issues but the ever ventured upon an experiment so perilous. If the discretion and prudence of the Government or of the direc-whole patronage of the English monarchy were contion. Human wisdom has never devised any adequate security against the excessive issues, and, consequently, the depreciation of bank paper, but its actual, and easy, and prompt convertibility into specie at the pleasure of the holder. Experience has shown that, where the paper of a bank is, by any means, habitually circulated VOL. V.

39

The Bank of the United States now employs five hundred agents, in the various parts of the Union where From this fact some idea its offices are established. may be formed of the very great addition which would be made to the patronage of the Executive Government by the establishment of such a bank as the one under consideration.

centrated in the hands of the American Executive, it may be well doubted whether the public liberty would be so much endangered by it as it would by this vast pecuniary machine, which would place in the hands of every administration fifty millions of dollars, as a fund for rewarding political partizans.