SUGGESTED LANGUAGE Senator THOMAS of Utah. I think, Mr. Chairman, that everything is included there, starting in with line 7: "There is hereby authorized to be appropriated to the President, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, the sum of $16 million" and so forth. Senator GEORGE. Not exceeding $16 million. Senator THOMAS of Utah. Yes. As a special contribution by the United States to the United Nations for the purposes set forth in the resolution of the General Assembly of the United Nations of November 19, 1948. Payment of this contribution shall be made to the United Nations at such time and in such amounts as the President may deem appropriate. Senator HICKENLOOPER. That will not provide for any advance. Senator THOMAS of Utah. As the President deems appropriate. Senator HICKENLOOPER. I mean in advance. Senator THOMAS of Utah. If you are going to do that, of course, you need a subcommittee. Senator SMITH. You will probably have to elaborate on that resolution of November 19. They may have had a lot of resolutions on that date. Senator THOMAS of Utah. You can always object to using the Reconstruction Finance Corporation in such a way, since we have been talking about binding people, since you bind the Appropriations Committee to make the appropriation. I would like to avoid those dangers and just simply accept, let it be accepted, by the United States, that we will stand by the pledges made by our representatives who are duly authorized to make the pledge of the President of the United States. The CHAIRMAN. I do not think that question is of serious moment, for the reason that if we pass this, it is immediately passed to the Appropriations Committee. Senator PEPPER. When do they need the funds? Mr. RUSK. The first of March. The CHAIRMAN. We make the appropriation to the President instantly. Senator PEPPER. This is only the authorization, unless they are going to meet and get this bill to the Congress. The CHAIRMAN. They could very easily put that special bill on this if you wanted to. I do not think it is of the greatest importance, because there would not be much time lost, but we will leave that to the subcommittee. FUNDS NEEDED BY MARCH 1 Senator PEPPER. When are the funds needed? Mr. RUSK. There will be a pressing need for the funds by March 1. We are in the middle of winter in the Middle East and we are trying to do the procuring now. When the $5 million from the working fund runs out, we will need money immediately. We will be getting funds from other governments, but it will be of great importance to get an advance, so that we can carry the program out in the very time that it is actually needed. The CHAIRMAN. Why can we not modify this? ELIMINATE THE WHEREASES Mr. RUSK. You want to eliminate the first page? Senator GEORGE. All of the whereases and simply authorize this appropriation to the President to be used for the relief of the Palestine refugees. Senator VANDENBERG. Starting with line 7. Senator LODGE. Would it be feasible to include in the report that this did not constitute a precedent? The CHAIRMAN. No. I do not think it ought to be put in the bill. Senator LODGE. In the committee report, not in the bill itself. The CHAIRMAN. You could put it in if you wanted to. All in favor of having the subcommittee work in that manner? Senator George, Senator Pepper and Senator Lodge? I do not want to press you, but I think this is important. Anything else? [Thereupon, at 1:15 p.m., the committee proceeded to other busi ness.] 1 S. J. RES. 36-Continued; THE CHARTER OF THE ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES 2 [EDITOR'S NOTE.-The Charter of the Organization of American States was signed at Bogota, Colombia, on April 30, 1948, at the Ninth International Conference of American States. The text was transmitted to the Senate and referred to Committee on January 13, 1949. The Charter was reported favorably with a reservation on August 24, 1950, and the Senate consented to ratification on August 28. It was ratified by the President on June 15, 1951, and entered into force on December 13.] WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 2, 1949 UNITED STATES SENATE, COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, Washington, D.C. The committee met at 11:20 a.m., pursuant to notice, in the committee hearing room, U.S. Capitol, Senator Tom Connally (chairman), presiding. Present: Senators Connally, George, McMahon, Fulbright, Vandenberg, Wiley, Smith, and Lodge. Also present: The Hon. Dean Acheson, Secretary of State; Mr. Paul Daniels, Director, Office of American Republic Affairs; Mr. John E. Dreier, Chief, Division of Special Inter-American Affairs; Mr. William Sanders, Special Assistant to the Director, Office of United Nations Affairs; Dr. Charles G. Fenwick, Division of International Law, Pan American Union; Dr. Alberto Llares, Secretary General, Pan American Union. The CHAIRMAN. We have before us the Palestine refugee matter. Senator George was to report on the change in that. Senator GEORGE. I believe the subcommittee agreed to the text. The CHAIRMAN. Will you handle it, Senator George, on the floor? Senator GEORGE. I would rather you handled it. I agreed to it, because I suppose that we are morally committed here. The CHAIRMAN. I do not regard the distinction between morally committed and legally committed. I do not think governments can go around dispensing moral obligations when the Constitution provides a way for making those commitments, but I realize there is a little tenderness on those things. We were put in pretty much of a hole on this proposition, with a resolution by the United Nations calling on the nations to make contributions. Well, you know what that means. 1 See notes, D. 39. 2 See appendix D. That means most of it has to come out of our pocket, so somebody evidently did agree. Senator WILEY. That is to look after the Arabs, isn't it? Senator GEORGE. We have recognized both the Arabian State and Israel. The CHAIRMAN. All in favor of the motion to report the bill say aye. Opposed, no. All right, Mr. Clerk. It will be reported. Mr. Secretary, we have before us here the Charter of the Organization of American States, which was labored over at Bogotá. The committee would like to hear your views on the matter. REASONS FOR 9-MONTH DELAY Senator VANDENBERG. Before you go into your statement, Mr. Secretary, in order to orient myself, may I ask you just one question. What was the date when this agreement was completed at Bogotá? Secretary ACHESON. April 30, 1948. Senator VANDENBERG. Why is it that we have not heard from it for 9 months? Secretary ACHESON. I cannot answer that, Senator. Mr. DANIELS. Do you mean why was it not submitted at the last session? Senator VANDENBERG. Right. Mr. DANIELS. I think only because what was considered to be pressure of work then. I know of no substantive reason so far as interAmerican relations are concerned. Senator VANDENBERG. I am interested in knowing whether the lack of pressure heretofore, against which I do not complain, means that we still are under no pressure, and are free to give this thing the attention it deserves, in view of its importance. Secretary ACHESON. I am sure that is the case, Senator. Secretary ACHESON. No, sir; no pressure in the sense that you should not give it the fullest and most careful attention. STATEMENT OF HON. DEAN ACHESON, SECRETARY OF STATE AN INSTITUTIONAL VIEW Secretary ACHESON. I should like to say, Mr. Chairman, at the start, that I am very happy to be coming up here this morning, but I am coming up more in an institutional capacity than a personal one. The ratification of this treaty is a matter of great importance so far as the relation of all the American States to one another is concerned. It is a matter which was negotiated by General Marshall. It grows out of over half a century of experience with an Organization of American States. During all that time there have been improvements in the organization which have been made and which should be made. They are made in this new treaty. Also, the Organization of American States had to be oriented. Growing out of the Conference at Mexico City and out of the Conference at Rio, with which some members of this committee are very familiar, there were duties and obligations which were again picked up and brought into this modernization of American States. All of these things were done by my predecessors. I have been in the Department too short a time to be familiar with them. I wanted to come here to make it clear that the Department and the Secretary of State are deeply concerned and interested in this, and to lend in whatever way my presence might do to that. There has been prepared a statement which very briefly outlines the views of the Department for me to make as Secretary. I have it here, and shall be delighted to read it if that is the wish of the committee, or I can leave it with you for incorporation in the record. I have with me this morning the gentlemen in the Department, and there are gentlemen from the organization of American States, very distinguished gentlemen, who know all there is to know about this matter. I have asked that any person in the Department or any paper or any information which you desire shall be made available to you. I regret that personally I cannot be of much help, because I have been there too short a time to know about it. If it is your desire that I should read this statement, Senator, I shall be glad to do it. Senator WILEY. Does that give a general summation of what you think this accomplishes? Secretary ACHESON. In a very general way, and these other gentlemen will bring it out specifically, Senator Wiley. The CHAIRMAN. I think it may very well be read. CHARTER IS CULMINATION OF A PROCESS Secretary ACHESON. The treaty-document that is here submitted for the advice and consent to ratification is the proposed legal constitution of the regional inter-American organization. The question that it raises, however, is hardly whether there shall be such an organization. The organization has already proved its value over some 60 years of existence, during which the United States has continuously taken an active part in its development. The constitutional instrument before you represents simply a culmination of this long and successful process. It signifies that our organized inter-American community of good neighbors has been readjusted to serve more adequately the needs of its member States in the contemporary world. Two factors have combined to make it advisable that our interAmerican system now be endowed with a single written charter. The first is the growth in its size, in the scope of its activities, and in its importance to all the American Republics during recent years. The second is the establishment of the United Nations, which has given it a new context, giving it the character of a regional agency of the world system in addition to its long-established role as a distinct association of American States. There are great advantages, where time allows, to building an organization gradually, adding to its structure piece by piece in the light of experience with its operation. The first of the Pan American Conferences, which convened in Washington at the call of the United States in 1889, established the first piece of the inter-American organization, a small permanent office that grew over the years into the present Pan American Union. New pieces were added by successive conferences which generally met every 5 years. In the 1930's, when the rise of aggressive dictatorships in Europe and Asia menaced the entire world, the American States undertook a relatively rapid development of their organization to strengthen their common security. The |