Clausel.

Honorius erected a statue in honor of him in the forum of Trajan. The productions of C. that have come down to us, consist of two epic poems, The Rape of Proserpine, and the incomplete Battle of the Giants; besides panegyrics on Honorius, idyls, epigrams, and occasional poems. C. displays a brilliant fancy, rich coloring, with variety and distinctness in his pictures; but he is often deficient in taste and gracefulness. A good edition of his works was published by Gesner (Leip. 1759), more recently by Doullay (Paris, 1836). An English translation was executed by A. Hawkins (Lond., 2 vols., 1817).

CLAUDIUS I., TIBERIUS, a Roman emperor, the youngest son of Nero Claudius Drusus, step-son of the emperor Augustus, was b. at Lyon 10 B.C. He was naturally sickly and infirm, and his education was neglected, or left to be cared for by women and freedmen. His supposed imbecility saved him from the cruelty of Caligula; but C., in his privacy, had made considerable progress in the study of history, and wrote in Latin and Greek several extensive works now lost. After the assassination of Caligula, C. was found by the soldiers in a corner of the palace, where, in dread, he had concealed himself. The prætorians carried him forth, proclaimed him emperor, and compelled his recognition by the senate and many citizens who had hoped to restore the republic. By his payment of the troops, who had raised him to the throne, C. gave the first example of the baneful practice which subjected Rome to a military despotism under the succeeding emperors. The first acts of his reign seemed to give promise of mild and just government, but in the year 42, when a conspiracy against his life was detected, his timidity led him to yield himself entirely to the guidance of his infamous wife, Messalina, who, in concert with the freedmen Pallas and Narcissus, practiced cruelties and extortions without restraint. C. meanwhile lived in retirement, partly occupied in studies, and expended enormous sums in building, especially in the famous Aqua Claudia (Claudian aqueduct). This great work occupied 30,000 laborers during eleven years. Abroad, the armies of C. were victorious. Mauritania was made a Roman province, the conquest of Britain was commenced, and some progress was made in Germany. After the execution of Messalina, another woman equally vicious and more cruel, Agrippina (q.v.), married the emperor, and destroyed him by poison 54 A.D., in order to secure the succession of her son Nero. After his death, C. was deified.

CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS GOTHICUS, the second of the Roman emperors named Claudius, b. in the first half of the 3d century. He had great military ability. Decius gave him command of an army, and Valerian appointed him general on the Illyrian frontier, and ruler of the provinces of the lower Danube. When Gallienus died, he was chosen emperor, it is said at his own request.

CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS, 1743-1815; a German poet known also by the nom de plume of "Asmus." He wrote for the Wandsbecker Bote (a weekly publication), a great number of poems which suited the popular taste and were everywhere repeated and admired. In his later years, he became devout, and gave up light verses to translate the works of St. Martin and Fenelon. His most popular song is the Rhine-wine song, still often heard at festivals in Germany.

CLAUDIUS CÆCUS, APPIUS, of the 4th c. B.C.; a Roman patrician and author. While censor he achieved some radical constitutional changes. He filled senatorial vacancies with men of low birth, and when his nominations were rejected he continued, in defiance of long established custom, to hold his office, even although his colleague had resigned. He also held on to the censorship for five years in defiance of the law which limited the term to a year and a half. In many ways, he invaded the traditional rights of the patricians and elevated the lower classes. He built a road and an aqueduct and gave them his own name, a thing before unheard of; and these public works have kept his memory down to our times. In 307, he was elected consul, but his military triumphs were unimportant. He was blind and tottering with age when Cineas, the minister of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, visited Rome to make a treaty; but the fiery eloquence of Claudius so discouraged Cineas that he quickly gave up the work, and the Romans forgot their recent misfortunes in the patriotic appeals of the aged

consul.

CLAUDIUS CRASSUS, APPIUS. See APPIUS CLAUDIUS CRASSUS, ante.
CLAUSE. See DEED.

CLAUSEL, BERTRAND, & French marshal, was b. at Mirepoix, in the department of Ariège, Dec., 1772, and entered the army at an early age. He commanded a brigade in the Italian campaign of 1799; was made a general of division of the army of the north in 1802; and distinguished himself in the campaign of 1809 against Austria. The chief field of his fame, however, was Spain, where, after the battle of Salamanca, July 22, 1812, he succeeded Marmont in the command. He conducted the very difficult retreat from Portugal with the greatest circumspection, having to sustain a succession of battles. Although he had fought for Napoleon to the last, Louis XVIII., on his first restoration, named him inspector-general of infantry. When Napoleon again landed in France in 1815, C. immediately declared for him, was made a peer, and received the command of the army of the Pyrenees. On the return of the Bourbons, he was declared a traitor, but escaped to America; was condemned to death in his absence, but was subsequently permitted to return to France; and in 1830, after the July revolution, he

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received the command of the troops in Algeria, and made a successful expedition over the Atlas range into the province of Titeri, for which he was made marshal of France. Some misunderstanding, however, soon led to his recall; but he was again appointed governor-general of Algeria in 1835. After the disasters that befell the French arms before Constantine in 1836, and which were attributed in great part to him, he returned to France and defended himself-though not quite successfully--both from the press and the tribune, against the attacks made upon him. C. died at Secourrieu (Haute Garonne), 21st April, 1842.

CLAUSEN, HENRIK NIKOLAI, b. 1793; a Danish statesman and theologian, professor of theology in the university of Copenhagen, editor of the Periodical for Foreign Theological Literature, and author of a number of religious works. He was president of the provincial diet in 1846, and two years later a member of the constituent assembly, and one of the privy council. He was also one of the signers of the Danish constitution. In 1851, he resigned from the cabinet, but retained his seat in the diet.

CLAUSENBURG. See KLAUSENBURG.

CLAUSEWITZ, KARL VON, 1780-1831; a Prussian soldier and author. In 1806, he was adjutant to prince Augustus, and was captured by the French. After the restoration of peace he acted as maj.gen. of staff, and as military instructor to the crown prince of Prussia, and to prince Frederick of the Netherlands. In the Prussian army he served with distinction; and in the campaign of 1813 he was a staff officer under Blücher. He wrote the history of that campaign. In 1818, he was made maj. gen. and director of the military academy, and in 18831, chief of the general staff of Gneisenau's army on the Polish frontier. His works are good authority on military science and history.

CLAUSIUS, RUDOLPII JULIUS EMANUEL, b. 1822; in 1825, professor in the polytechnic institute of Zurich; in 1867, professor in the university of Würzburg, and in 1869, professor at Bonn. His mathematical calculations based on the dynamical theory of heat, intended to show the scientific necessity of a Creator and the possibility of miracles, have attracted much attention.

CLAUSTHAL. See KLAUSTHAL.

CLAVAGEL LA, or CLUB-SHELL, a genus of lamellibranchiate mollusks of the same family with aspergillum (q.v.), of which fossil species were first known to naturalists, but existing species have also been discovered. These mollusks inhabit holes, which they excavate for themselves in rocks or in masses of coral, and the ordinary form of the bivalve shell is curiously modified; one valve being fixed to the inner surface of the chamber in which the animal lives, and the other free and capable of motion on its hinge within that chamber, whilst the shelly substance of the fixed valve is continued without interruption into a tube extending from the chamber outwards. The young mollusk is supposed to make its way into the rock by excavating this tube, but whether its excavations are accomplished by mere mechanical means, or by the aid of some chemical solvent, is still uncertain.—Fossil clavagellæ have not been found in any strata older than the supracretaceous group.

CLAVA'RIA, a genus of fungi of the division hymenomycetes, subdivision clarati. The spores are produced equally on all parts of the surface. The species are numerous, some of them simple and club-shaped, some branched. Some are natives of Britain. C. botrytis, a species common in oak and beech woods in Germany, growing on the ground among moss, grass, heath, etc., is gathered when young, and used as food, having a very agreeable sweetish taste. It ceases to be edible when it becomes old. Another German species, C. flava, which grows on sandy ground in fir-woods, is used in the same way. Other species appear to possess similar properties, and Liebig found them to contain the saccharine substance called mannite. C. botrytis is the keulenpilz, and C. flaca the ziegenbart (goat's beard) of the Germans.

CLAVERACK, a village and township in Columbia co., N. Y., on the Hudson and Chatham railroad, 4 m. s.e. of Hudson; pop. '75, 3,817. Among the public institutions are the Hudson river collegiate institute and the Claverack academy. There are a number of important manufactories in the township.

CLAVICLE, or COLLAR-BONE, a bone which, in conjunction with the scapula (q.v.) or blade-bone, forms the shoulder. It derives its name from the Latin word clavis, in consequence of its resemblance to the key used by the Romans. As reference to the figure shows, it is placed horizontally at the upper and lateral part of the thorax, immediately above the first rib, and it articulates internally with the upper border of the sternum (q.v.) or breast-bone, and externally with the acromion process (or highest point) of the scapula.

Its chief office is to keep the shoulders well separated and steady, and to afford a fulcrum by which the muscles (the deltoid and great pectoral) are enabled to give lateral movement to the arm. Accordingly, it is absent in those animals in which the movement of the fore-limbs is only backwards and forwards (in one plane) for the purpose of progression, as in the pachydermata, ruminantia, and solidungula; while it is present in all quadrumana and in those of the rodentia in which the anterior extremities are used for prehension as well as motion, as the rat, squirrel, and rabbit; and in the

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cheiroptera and insectivora, as the bat, mole, and hedgehog. In the mole it occurs in the form of a cube, being very short and broad, and of extreme length. In many of the carnivora (the cat, for example), the C. is present in the rudimentary form of a small bone suspended (like the hyoid bone in the neck) amongst muscles, and not connected either with the sternum or with the scapula. In birds, where great resistance is required to counteract the tendency of the enormous pectoral muscles to approximate the shoulders, the clavicles are large and united at an angle in the median line (just above the anterior end of the sternum) into a single bone, anatomically known as the "furculum," but popularly recognized as “the merry-thought." In this class of animals, additional, and even more efficient, support to the anterior extremity is afforded by the extension of the coracoid process of the scapula into a broad thick bone called the "coracoid bone" (q.v.), which extends to the sternum. It is unnecessary to trace the various modifications which this bone presents in reptiles and certain fishes.

In the human subject, the C. being exposed to the full force of blows or falls upon the shoulder, and not being easily dislocated (in consequence of its being well secured at both ends), is very frequently broken.

Ossification takes place in the C. earlier than in any other bone, commencing as early as the 30th day after conception, according to Beclard; and at birth it is ossified in nearly its whole extent. Mr. Humphrey (in his admirable Treatise on the Human Skeleton) suggests that the early ossification of this bone is a provision on the part of nature to prevent it from being fractured at birth in case of difficult labor.

Much important anatomical and physiological matter in connection with this bone will be found in Humphrey's work above cited, and in a memoir which he has recently published in the transactions of the Cambridge philosophical society; in Owen, On the Nature of Limbs; and in Struthers, Osteological Memoirs, No. 1, The Člavicle.

CLAVICOR'NÉS (Lat. club-horned), a great family of coleopterous insects, of the section pentamera, distinguished by the club-shaped termination of the antennæ, which are longer than the maxillary palpi. Most of the beetles of this family feed on animal substances, and many of them, and particularly their larvæ, find their appropriate food in substances undergoing decay. It contains many genera, divided into groups (tribes), histeroides, silphales, dermestini, etc. Burying beetles and the bacon beetle may be mentioned as examples of it.

CLAVIGE RO, FRANCESCO SAVERIO, a Mexican historian, was b. in Vera Cruz, South America, about 1720, and entering the order of the Jesuits, was educated as an ecclesiastic. Sent as a missionary among the Indians in various parts of Mexico, he lived among them for 36 years, and made himself fully acquainted with the languages, traditions, and antiquities of the aboriginal tribes. On the suppression of the Jesuits in South America by Spain, in 1767, C. sailed for Italy, and with others of his brethren had the town of Cesena assigned to them by the pope as a place of residence, where he died Oct., 1793. He wrote in Italian a History of Mexico, a comprehensive and valuable work, of which an English translation by C. Cullen was published in 1787, in 2 vols. 4to.

CLAY (Ang. -Sax. clag; of the same root as clag, claggy), a term applied, in a vague way, to those kinds of earth or soil which, when moist, have a notable degree of tenacity and plasticity. The clays are not easily distinguishable as mineral species, but they all appear to owe their origin to the decomposition of other minerals, and to consist chiefly of alumina in combination with silica and with a certain amount of water. See ALUMINA, SHALE, LOAM, PIPE-CLAY, KAOLIN, etc. Common C., when, from the large proportion of alumina which it contains, it is sufficiently plastic, is of great use for making bricks (q.v.), tiles, etc.

C. is used by sculptors and others engaged in the production of works of plastic art, as a means of adjusting the form which is to be given to their work, in the harder or more enduring substance of which it is ultimately to be composed. As modeling C. is apt to crack in drying, it must be kept damp by sprinkling water over it, and covering it with a wet cloth when the artist is not engaged in his work.

CLAY SOILS derive their character from the alumina which they contain in a state of mixture, as well as in chemical combination with other substances. Some soils contain as large a proportion of alumina as 40 per cent, but generally the proportion is much smaller. The feldspar which chiefly yields the alumina of clay soils contains also soda and potash, substances essential to vegetables, and which tend to render clays fertile when under cultivation. The physical characters, however, of the different varieties of clay soils arising from the varying proportions of silica, and other substances mixed with the alumina, are chiefly concerned in their relative fertility. Calcareous matter exercises a considerable influence on their powers of producing crops.

In Scotland, clay soils are chiefly found on the coal-measures, the bowlder-clay, and as alluvium in the valleys. Those derived from the coal-measures are generally unkindly, being tenacious and difficult to labor. In the eastern counties, these are usually farmed on a five or six course shift, according to their quality. In the western, the moister climate is less suited for cultivating them to advantage, and dairy husbandry usually prevails where they are found under culture. The clay soils derived from the bowlderclays are also generally coarse and inferior in quality. The richest clay soils are found along the margins of the rivers, and go under the name of carse clays, which have already

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been described under that head. In the n. of England, the aluminous shales of the coalmeasures yield soils very similar in their properties to those in Scotland. England also abounds in clay soils derived from other geological formations. The chief of these are the London, plastic, weald, Gault, and blue lias clays. The stubborn character of many of them is such that they are not suitable for tillage, but form excellent meadows and pastures. In the dry climate of Suffolk, strong clays are cultivated with great success on the four-course shift.-1. Seeds; 2. Wheat; 3. Fallow or roots; 4. Barley. Thorough drainage has greatly increased the value of clay soils under cultivation. Being so much sooner dry in spring, a longer period is obtained for preparing the land for putting in the crops. Weeds, too, are much more easily extirpated, and the strength of the soil is more entirely directed towards the raising of the crops. Wheat, beans, and clover are the crops which clay soils carry in greatest perfection. Clay soils have been long known to be retentive of moisture as well as of manure. Recent chemical investigations have shown, that clay soils have remarkable powers for absorbing ammonia, potash, and other substances, which constitute the food of plants. This property, it is now pretty well ascertained, arises from surface attraction.

CLAY, a co. in e. Alabama, on the tributaries of the Tallapoosa and Coosa rivers; 700 sq.m.; pop. '70, 9,560-737 colored. It has a good soil for agriculture; products are wheat, corn, oats, cotton, butter, etc. Co. seat, Ashland.

CLAY, a co. in s.e. Dakota, on the Nebraska border, intersected by Vermilion river, and the Dakota Southern, Sioux City, and Pembina railroad; 500 sq.m.; pop. '70, 2,621. The chief business is agriculture. Co. seat, Vermilion.

CLAY, a co. in n.e. Florida, bounded on the e. by St. John's river, and reached in its n.w. corner by the Florida railroad; 430 sq.m.; pop. '70, 2,098-399 colored. It has a level surface; and produces corn, cotton, sweet potatoes, and molasses. Co. seat, Green Cove Springs.

CLAY, a co. in s. w. Ga., bordering on Alabama, intersected by the Fort Gaines branch of the Southwestern railroad; 200 sq.m.; pop. '70, 5,493-2,849 colored. The surface is level; the soil fertile, producing corn, cotton, etc. Co. seat, Fort Gaines.

CLAY, a co. in s.e. Illinois, on the Little Wabash river, intersected by the Springfield and Illinois Southern and the Ohio and Mississippi railroads; 440 sq.m.; pop. '70, 15,875. Surface, prairie and forest; productions, wheat, corn, oats, butter, honey, sorghum molasses, etc. Co. seat, Louisville.

CLAY, a co. in s. w. Indiana, on Eel river, crossed by the St. Louis, Vandalia, Terre Haute, and Indianapolis railroad, and the Wabash and Erie canal; 360 sq.m.; pop. '70, 19,084; in '80, 25,277. It has a level surface, with beds of coal and iron ore. chief productions are agricultural. Co. seat, Bowling Green.

The

CLAY, a co. in n. w. Iowa, on the Little Sioux and its tributaries; 700 sq.m.; pop. '70, 1523. Productions agricultural. Co. seat, Peterson.

CLAY, a co. in e. Kansas, intersected by Republican river; 660 sq.m.; pop. '70, 2,942. Agriculture is the principal business. Co. seat, Clay Centre.

CLAY, a co. in s.e. Kentucky, on the headwaters of Kentucky river; 870 sq.m.; pop. '70, 8,297-495 colored. It has a mountainous surface, and fertile soil, producing corn, oats, wool, tobacco, etc. One of the principal industries is the manufacture of salt. Co. seat, Manchester.

CLAY, a co. in n. w. Minnesota, bounded on the w. by the Red river of the North, and crossed by the Northern Pacific railroad; 380 sq.m.; pop. '70, 92. There is no considerable settlement in the county.

CLAY, a co. in w. Missouri, bounded on the s. by the Missouri river, and crossed by a branch of the Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad; 415 sq.m.; pop. '70, 15,564-1846 colored. Surface uneven, and soil fertile, producing the usual agricultural crops. Co. seat, Liberty.

CLAY, a co. in s.c. Nebraska, on Little and Big Blue rivers; 576 sq.m.; pop. '70, 54. It has an undulating surface, and fertile soil.

CLAY, a co. in n.w. North Carolina, on the Georgia border, watered by the head streams of the Hiawasse river; 200 sq.m.; pop. '70, 2,461–142 colored. Productions agricultural. Co. seat, Haysville.

CLAY, a co. in n. Tennessee, on the Kentucky border, intersected by the Cumberland river; 175 sq.m. Co. seat, Butler's Landing. This co. was organized after the census of 1870.

CLAY, a co. in n.w. Texas, bordering on the Indian territory and the Red river; 1100 sq.m. The co. is very little settled."

CLAY, a co. in central West Virginia, on Elk river; 400 sq.m,; pop. '70, 2,196. Agriculture is the chief business. Co. seat, Clay Court-house.

CLAY, CASSIUS M., a zealous abolitionist, b. in Ky., 1810, graduated at Yale College, 1832, and 3 years after was elected to the legislature of his native state. C. opposed the annexation of Texas, 1844; started The True American, a vigorous anti

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slavery paper, the following year; volunteered in the Mexican war, 1846; supported Mr. Lincoln in 1860; and in 1862 was appointed U. S. minister to Russia, a post he held till 1869.

CLAY, GREEN, 1757-1826; a native of Virginia, and a pioneer in Kentucky, where he was a land surveyor in early life. While the country belonged to Virginia le represented the Kentucky district in the Virginia legislature. He was in both the Virginia and Kentucky conventions for the ratification of the federal constitution. He was for several years in the Kentucky legislature, at one time speaker of the senate. In 1813, he led a force to the relief of gen. Harrison, who was besieged by the British at fort Meigs; and he defended that fort successfully against the British and Indians under gen. Proctor and the renowned Tecumseh.

CLAY, HENRY, an American statesman of some distinction, was b. April 12, 1777, in Hanover co., Va. He early devoted himself to the law, and fixing his residence at Lexington, Ky., soon obtained a lucrative practice and political influence enough to be elected to the state legislature. In 1806, lie was elected to Congress, and again in 1809 he was chosen senator for a term of two years. In 1811, he was sent to the house of representatives, where he was immediately elected speaker. A strong advocate of nationality, he denounced the claims put forth by England as to right of search; he was a strenuous supporter of the war with that country, and in consequence was sent, in 1814, as one of the commissioners to sign the treaty of peace at Ghent, where his acuteness secured for America some advantages. On his return, he exerted all his talents in favor of the independence of South America, and labored hard to eradicate all European influence from the American continent. C., however, is best known as the author of the famous " Missouri compromise," restricting slavery to the states s. of 36° 30′ n. lat.; and also for the compromise of 1850, known as C.'s "omnibus" measure. He died June, 1852. C. had undoubted talents, but he was by no means a comprehensive statesman. He was by far too fertile in compromises to be the author of any measure conferring lasting benefit on his country. He was very popular during his life-time, and was two or three times proposed for the presidency, an honor, however, which he never succeeded in obtaining.

CLAY, HENRY (ante), was the son of a Baptist preacher in humble circumstances, who died when Henry was five years old. The mother married ten years later and went to Kentucky, leaving Henry (the fifth of seven children) a clerk in a store in Richmond, Va. When about 16 years old, Henry found a place as copyist in the office of the clerk of the court of chancery, and turned his attention to the law. He was licensed to practice when 20 years old, and, following his mother into the wild west, opened an office in Lexington. He won practice and political position very easily, and in 1806-a few months before he was eligible by age he was chosen to fill a vacancy in the U. S. senate. His term ended with the session, but in that brief period he had foreshadowed his coming fame as the champion of internal improvements by the national government. The next year, he was elected to the state legislature and chosen speaker of the lower house. A proposition that each member of the legislature should clothe himself in homemade clothing provoked remark by Humphrey Marshall that it was the proposition of the demagogues. As an orator, he had immense power over his audiences, whether cultured or unrefined; and his eloquence is one of the traditions of the western states, and, indeed, of the whole country. He had a wonderful personal magnetism, which attracted to him an enthusiastic friendship.

CLAYBORNE, WILLIAM, an early English settler in Virginia, member of the council and secretary of the colony. He was for many years at war with the Maryland settlers on questions of territorial jurisdiction, and at one time forcibly took possession of Calvert's government. In 1651, the English council made him one of the commissioners for the reduction of Virginia to obedience to Cromwell's commonwealth, and he afterwards took part in bringing Maryland also into obedience. In the Bacon rebellion, he was one of the court-martial for the trial of the prisoners. His descendants are very numerous in Virginia.

CLAY MORE (meaning "the great sword"), the Gaelic name for a kind of sword at one time much used, but not so well known at present. It had a double-edged blade, about 43 in. long by 2 in. broad; its handle was often 12 in. long, and its weight 6 or 7 lbs.

CLAYTON, a co. in central Georgia, on Flint river, traversed by the Macon and Western, and the Atlanta and West Point railroads; 150 sq.m.; pop. '70, 5,477—1743 colored. Productions, wheat, corn, cotton, etc. Co. seat, Jonesborough.

CLAYTON, a co. in n.e. Iowa, on the Mississippi river, intersected by the McGregor and Missouri River railroad; 760 sq.m.; pop. '70, 27,771. The surface is chiefly fertile prairie; and water power and timber are abundant. The chief productions are, wheat, corn, oats, barley, butter, and wool. Co. seat, Elkader.

CLAYTON, a village and t. in Jefferson co, N. Y., a port of entry on the river St. Lawrence, at the termination of the Utica and Black River railroad, 108 m. n. of Utica; pop. '75, 4,207. The village, 11 m. above Alexandria bay, is near the famous Thousand Islands of the St. Lawrence, with which it has connection by steamboat.