The sum expended in 1880, viz., 38,7131. 7s. 4d., on enlarging the hall and rebuilding the premises in Cheapside, is not included in the above, being an expenditure from capital.

The whole of the above sum of 35,4177. 1s. 34d., being the company's charity income for the year 1880, has been expended in the various ways mentioned in these returns, with the exception of the balances which were in the company's hands at the end of the year.

(See Mr. Hare's report as to (1) the Colet estate, (2) the Gresham lectures, (3) certain informations in Chancery, (4) the insolvency of the company prior to 1763, (5) lands left to "superstitious uses.

GROCERS' COMPANY.

Foundation and Object.

The Grocer's Company had, a few days before the issue of the Commission, appointed a committee "to search their records and prepare a report upon the constitution "and income and expenditure of the company, and the general management of the company's business." The report of the committee was received on the 2nd February 1881, and the returns which were based on the information obtained by it were the first received by the Commission from a great Company.

Early Guild.

*The Grocers' Company gives the Commission much information as to the circumstances in which it is supposed to have had its origin. This information they have themselves summarized as follows:

"The company was in its origin a social, benevolent, and religious fraternity, and this character, except as regards the religious observances of the brotherhood, has been maintained from the first meeting, 535 years ago to the present day; the continuity of the fellowship never having been broken, even in the most troublous times. The hall and garden of the company occupy the original site purchased by free contributions of the members between 1411 and 1433.

"The original fraternity was formed by twenty-two leading members of the† Pepperers' Guild; it rapidly increased in importance. The new fraternity attracted to itself and absorbed the other Pepperers, and the members individually carried on and " engrossed" the wholesale business of merchants; hence, according to general acceptation, the term "grosser" or grocer.

66

"As early as 1394 the company had the management of the public Weigh-house,§ and took measures, by petition to

* Mr. Herbert, in his History of the 12 Great Companies of London, sets forth the account of the foundation of the Grocers' Company as typical of that of all the companies; so does Mr. Firth, in his work on Municipal London."

The fraternity of St. Anthony, as the new guild was called, was, according to its deed of foundation, to consist of persons all of good condition, pepperers living in Soper's Lane, and spicers living in the ward of Cheap," or other people of their mystery wherever they reside,' associated for the purposes of common religious observances and masses for the dead, the assistance of distressed members from the common purse, the regulation of their respective trades.

So important did the fraternity or company soon become, that in 1383, 40 years after its foundation, of its 129 liverymen 16 had been aldermen.

§ The weigh-house was in Cornhill. The management was conferred upon Churchman, a member, and was transferred by him to the company under an arrangement with the City by which the Grocers' Company were to appoint a master and underporters to work the beam, paying the City one-third of the profits.

Mr. Herbert states that many of the names of pepperers which occur in the old records are Italian-those of Lombard dealers in spices. Acting with other Italian merchants, externs, in 1894 they petitioned the Corporation, complaining of improper method of "garbelling," i.e., purifying, spices which prevailed in the city, with the result that one of their own number was chosen and sworn "garbeller" of "spices and sotill ware in the city of London. They appear also to have had, according to civic privileges or ancient usages, the power to enter the warehouses and shops of all grocers, apothecaries, confectioners, tobac conists, tobacco-cutters, candlers, and sugar-bakers in the city and the liberties, to assay weights.

1628.

"The charters of James I. and Charles I.* conferred on Charter not the company the duty of superintending the trade of in force after grocers within the city and punishing delinquents, but it does not appear that the powers of fining and imprisonment were exercised in the case of a stranger after 1616, or in the case of a member after 1628.

Enlarge

ment of company

for the sake of fees.

When the company was reduced to insolvency and Effect of almost to ruin by the Great Fire, one of the means adopted Fire. for retrieving its position was the admission of new members. With this object the charters of James II. and William and Mary were framed to enlarge the company as much as possible, and even to bring other trades-e.g., druggists and tobacconists-within it. At the same time, with the object probably of putting compulsion on traders to join the company, the old powers of trade superintenddence were continued; but, except that in 1688 those using the mystery but not members of the company were summoned to take up the freedom, it does not appear that these powers were ever exercised, and a comparison of the byelaws of 1690 and 1711 shows that before the latter year Formal reall such powers were expressly given up by or taken away of powers of from the company (compare on this point the Minute of trade con the Court of the 18th of August 1687 already mentioned). trol. Thenceforward the original constitution of the company as a social, benevolent, and (regard being had to the circumstances of the times) religious fraternity, charged with the execution of certain charitable trusts under wills, of which the earliest is dated in 1432, alone remains."

Charters.

The company received charters from the following monarchs; viz., from Henry VI. in 1429, from Henry VI. in 1430, from James I. in 1607, from Charles I. in 1640, from William and Mary, 1676, and from George I. in 1722.

History, Exactions of Crown, Municipal Burdens.

The company's return contains some accounts of (1) the loans levied and state duties imposed on the company during the 16th and 17th centuries by the Crown or the Parliament; (2) the municipal burdens discharged by the company during the same period.

As regards (1) the 16th century, the company's proportion of the loan levied by Queen Mary in 1558 was 7,5001. Further sums, of which the amount is not stated, were levied by Queen Elizabeth.

In the 17th century Charles I. levied from the company sums of 6,000l., and 4,500l. respectively, the Parliament 9,000l., the City 4,500l. for " defence in these dangerous times," and Charles II. sums of 2,000l. and 1,3601. respectively.

These sums were raised apparently (1) by contributions from individual members assessed by the wardens, (2) by mortgage of the company's property, (3) and, in the last resort, by the sale of their plate.

It would appear that, of the whole sum thus borrowed, only 6457. was ever returned.

nunciation

Charters.

Public

burdens.

Exactions by the Crown and Parliament.

of Ulster.

The part taken by the company in the colonization of Colonization Ulster was also compulsory, and is regarded by the company as another public burden imposed on it.

burdens.

As regards (2) municipal burdens, they consisted (1) in Municipal maintaining, jointly with other companies, a store of corn, according to ancient custom, for the supply of the poor at reasonable prices when bread was dear; this charge amounted in 1560 to 4007., and was levied as a personal contribution from members by two of the livery, called corn renters," appointed to collect it; (2) the company was at the time of the plague assessed at various sums of money for the relief of the poor, and also provided a large quantity of coal; (3) the company was bound to maintain an armoury at its Hall.

Fire of London, Effects.

The company states that the fire of 1666 destroyed their Hall and almost all their houses in the city, "and inflicted "losses on this company from which it did not recover for nearly a century.'

66

Their funds were, at the time, exhausted, and there were heavy debts outstanding which were to have been liquidated by meaus of fines granted on the renewal of leases of house property which was destroyed by the fire.

The result was that they continued to be in great financial difficulties till 1721.

After the fire their first step appears to have been to rebuild their Hall by subscriptions among themselves, and part of the Hall was thus soon rebuilt. They then petitioned Parliament for power to levy 20,000l. by an equal assessment upon the members of the company of ability, "in consideration of their heavy charities to support, and "of their recent loan of 9,000l.," but the application failed, and an effort to raise the sum produced only 6,0001.

In 1671 the company's creditors petitioned Parliament for the sale of the company's Hall and lands to satisfy its debts. In 1672 the part of the Hall which was built was sequestrated at the instance of the Governors of Christ's Hospital, who were creditors of the company, and the company did not regain possession by payment of the debt till 1679.

In 1680, in order to regain public confidence, they proceeded with the completion of their Hall, and in order to prevent a second sequestration, submitted to an inquisition before the Commissioners for Charitable Uses, with the result that in 1687 they conveyed their Hall and property to trustees for a period of 20 years to secure the payment of the sums charged on the property for charitable purposes.

During this period by numerous calls to the livery and by inducing persons to become freemen on the terms of an immunity from office in consideration of a single fine of 201., the company managed to raise a considerable sum of money for the discharge of their debts. They also let their Hall to the Bank of England for 11 years, receiving a fine of 5,000l. and a loan of similar amount without interest. By these means the company discharged its debts by 1721.

Company never confined to Craftsmen.

The company from a very early time did not consist wholly of grocers and the affiliated trades. The earliest list in the records is, however, one of so late a date as 1795. At this time 97 callings were represented among about 340 members. At the present time many of the members are merchants who deal wholesale in the commodities, the trade in which was formerly supervised by the company.

Constitution and Privileges.

Court. The governing body consists of a master, wardens, and an uncertain number of assistants. The actual number is 35. Elections take place by co-optation from the livery.

The fine paid by a member of the governing body, on admission, is a guinea.

The fee for attending a court is also at present a guinea. The sum paid to the court annually in fees is 7887., viz., to the master 501., to each of the wardens about 401., to each assistant (31) about 207.

Members.-The fees payable on admission to the freedom are (1) apprenticeship 19s., (2) servitude 11s. 6d., (3) patrimony 17. 6s. The scale is believed to be very ancient. It is to be observed that there is no admission by purchase. The livery fine is 217.

The present number of freemen is 397; liverymen including court of assistants 214; honorary members 21.

As regards privileges, pensions and donations are granted to freemen and liverymen and the widows and daughters of freemen and liverymen in case of failure in trade, old age, insufficient means, or serious illness. The cases are inquired into by the clerk or beadle. 76 such persons were relieved in 1869 at an expense of nearly 5,0007., in sums varying from 2001. a year to a 201. a year donation. It is not known that any of the present pensioners or donees were grocers by trade or the widows or daughters of grocers.

In addition, freemen are entitled to apply on behalf of their children for the company's presentations (six in number) to Christ's Hospital; for the company's scholarships (six in number); for free education and board at Oundle school; and for the company's scholarships at

the Hackney Downs schools (six in number), which provide free education and dinners, with an allowance, where necessary, for railway expenses. The orphan children of freemen are alone eligible for the three presentations to the London Orphan Asylum. They are also entitled to take apprentices.

As regards the special privileges of liverymen and members of the court:

tary and municipal.

(A.) Twelve months after a liveryman has been elected Franchisehe is entitled, provided he live within twenty-five miles of parliamen the polling place, Guildhall, to be put upon the register of voters for the city, which entitles him to a vote at the election of members of Parliament for the city; a liveryman is also entitled to vote at the election of the Lord Mayor and Sheriffs of London.

The livery receive invitations from the master and Dinners. wardens to the four public dinners in the months of November, February, May, and July, in each year, and at every fifth dinner an invitation for a friend as well. In some years when the honorary freedom of the company is bestowed on distinguished personages, there is an extra public dinner to which the livery are invited. At the public dinner in May, called the restoration feast, a box of Sweetmeats. sweetmeats is presented to every guest.

Liverymen, and the widows and daughters of liverymen, in needy circumstances may apply for relief, either temporary or permanent.

dinners.

(B.) Members of the court are entitled to all the privileges of liverymen. They receive an invitation for a friend for each public dinner (the master for eight friends, and each of the three other wardens for four friends). There is Court usually a dinner of members of the court after a court meeting, and sometimes after a committee meeting (depending to some extent on the engagements of members, and the time and business for which the committee is sum noned). At six court dinners in each year one-half of the members receive an invitation for a friend.

The master of the company is by custom entrusted with the distribution of votes and orders of admission for public institutions to which the company has granted donations.

The master and wardens receive on the occasion of each livery dinner, if they choose to take it, a small customary allowance in kind not exceeding 21. 28. in value.

The only pecuniary advantages attached to the position of a member of the court are the fees stated. A member of the court is disqualified for receiving any pecuniary assistance from the company.

Special pri

vileges of master.

Amounts of

The income arising from the company's corporate property is large as compared with that derived from trust corporate as compared property. In 1879 the corporate income of the company with trust was 37,000l., the trust income 1,000l. Of the former sum, property. 29,000l. consisted of the rents of house property in the city of London or in Middlesex, while of the latter sum about 5007. or 6007. consisted of such rents. By far the greater part, however, of the 29,000l. arises from the lands which are charged with the 500l. or 600l., in other words the greater part of the corporate income of the company consists of the "surplus revenue," arising from the increase which has taken place in the value of the estates which the company holds subject to charitable trusts.

This is apparent on reference to the tables of real estate. The company has referred the Commissioners to its documents of title, and from the entries in the column appropriated in the forms to that purpose it will be seen that the company claims to have become possessed of the real estate in three ways (1) under wills constituting the company a trustee for charities, (2) by absolute gifts, (3) by purchases made by the company itself; but the amount acquired under wills constituting the company a trustee vastly exceeds that acquired by the two other methods, and in fact constitutes the bulk of the corporate estate.*

* In 1686 an inquisition was held; the London rental of the Grocers' Company, including all the above lands except the purchases of the company out of its own monies or the accumulations just described, was 8797. 10s. It may be gathered from the report of the Charity Commission of 1815, that the inquisition does not state in what proportions this rental arose, from trust or from corporate property. There can, however, be no doubt that the trust rental then formed far more than what it does now, a mere insignificant fraction of the corporate rental.

Corporate Property.*

The real estate held by the company in their corporate right consists of house property in the City of London. The net rental is apparently about 30,000l. a year, the More than gross rental must be considerably more. 20,0001. a year is derived from premises let on long leases, There are the remainder from premises let at rack rent. between 70 and 80 holdings, consisting of shops, warehouses, banks, and offices in Foster Lane, Cornhill, Cannon Street, Old Jewry, Mincing Lane, Cheapside, Gracechurch The Street, Ludgate Hill, Upper Thames Street, &c. gross estimated rental of the portion let on long leases is not stated. The company possess also in their corporate some small acknowledgment rents arising out of house property in the City of London.

History of Company's Irish Estate.

The company have sold their Irish estate. They give the following account of its history while in their hands.

The company paid to the Corporation for their allotment in 1617, 5,000., and up to the year 1622 had expended upon buildings 2,0007. During the same period they received for rents 8501. It appears that about the year 1658, no rent having been paid to the company for many years, the Court of Assistants sent an agent to Ireland to look after the interests of the company, and he remitted the sum of 1007.

In 1675, as the company desired to raise money to meet their difficulties arising from the Great Fire, they let their Irish estate for thirty-one years at a rent of 101. and a fine of 3,6601.

In 1689 the siege of Derry took place, causing great injury to the company's property, and calling for the exercise of the company's liberality.

The estate continued to be let on lease for lives, but the system of under-letting gave rise to general complaints. In 1820 the company, having for a long time past refused to put in new lives, became the immediate landlords of all holdings, however small. The Court of Assistants determined to do all in their power to ameliorate the condition of the occupiers. Lands were inclosed and drained, roads and bridges made, the town of Muff rebuilt, farm-buildings provided and repaired, schools and dispensaries established, the clergy and congregations aided without reference to religious opinions, the poor relieved, and assistance given towards emigration.

The following table shows the gross rental and outgoings of the estate at intervals of ten years from 1831 :—

On the 7th of July 1872 the court resolved to sell the Irish estate. It was considered that the company had done all that was possible on the part of good landlords to improve the estates; so much so, that under the Ulster custom the tenant right had reached 18 or 19 years' purchase. Due weight was given to the fact that the company must necessarily be absentee landlords, and an earnest wish was expressed that the tenants should purchase their holdings. The estate was offered for sale in 11 lots, but of these only one was purchased by the tenants. The total amount of purchase-money was 157,2561., about one-third of which was left on mortgage of the property; with a view to the sale, the company had previously redeemed the titles on the estate at a cost of 7,3581. Provision was made for the maintenance of existing schools and manses, and donations amounting together to.750l. were made to the various Church Sustenta..ion Funds.

The company still also derives about 291. annually from a rentcharge payable out of Bellaghy Manor, in the county Derry.

The rateable value of the Hall is 3,2097. That of the other buildings in the occupation of the company is not stated.

Personal Property.--The company have invested in the purchase of stocks the portion of the purchase-money of their Irish lands, of which they have received payment,

*The company in their return, while giving the above information, protest against the inquiry so far as it concerns their corporate property, for which they claim all the rights of private property. They rely in particular on the decision of Lord Langdale in the AttorneyGeneral v. Grocers' Company, 6 Beav. 526, with reference to Sir W. Laxton's devise, and say that the reasoning of the judgment applies to other estates devised to them on similar terms, and still more strongly to purchases by free subscribers among the fraternity to be that of their Hall and garden.

others.

The company gives detailed accounts of its administration of the following charities:

(1.) Laxton's Free Grammar School and Almshouses, &c., at Oundle, Northamptonshire:

The rental of the property held by the company under the will (the subject of the decision mentioned above) was originally 881. a year; the sum payable by the company under the decision is 821. 16s. The net rental of the property is now about 4,000l.

Prior to 1821 the company had increased the pay. ments directed to be made to the schoolmaster and alms-people under Sir W. Laxton's will, had spent 1,500l. in enlarging the establishment, and 1,2007. in repairs.

Since 1848 the company has always spent 1,0002. a year on this school and alushouses.

In 1853 the almshouses were rebuilt at a cost of nearly 3,500l.

In 1876 the company spent 5,000l. on improvements in the school.

In 1879 the company spent 5,000l. on land for additional school buildings and a playground and cricket field. They contemplate spending an additional 24,0007. on the new buildings in connexion with the school.

The company have also founded four University exhibitions and 10 scholarships tenable at the school for the sons of freemen.

Altogether, their annual expenditure on the school Schools. and almshouses amounts to 3,2501. There are, at present, 191 scholars, and the number is increasing. The school has recently been divided into a classical and a modern side; the latter for the sons of the farmers and tradesmen at Oundle. (2.) Box's Free School at Witney, Oxfordshire:

The sum received by the company from the endowment is only 31. In 1877 the company spent 4331., in 1878, 8627. on repairs. The school is in an unsatisfactory state, and the company are in communication with the visitors with a view to an improvement.

(3.) Walwyn's school at Colwall, Herefordshire :

The bequest consisted of 301., with which to buy lands. The company, with the consent of the testator's executors, charged the sum on houses in Cornhill, held under another will. They spend 2501. a year on the school.

(4.) Mrs. Back house and Mrs. Robinson's gifts, the ScholarGrocers' Company's scholarships. The income is 651. ships.

a year. The company spends, exclusive of their exhi
bition at Oundle, about 6001. a year on such objects.

They now grant eight scholarships 501. a year,
tenable for four years, two exhibitions of 257. a year
each, tenable for four years, for unattached students
at Oxford, and two of 50l. a year each at the City of
London School.

(5.) Lady Slaney's trust for the purchase of impropriate Impropriate benefices:

In 1607, Dame Margaret Slaney left the company 2,000l. to the intent that it might remain as a perpetual stock for the purchasing, restoring, and reuniting again to the church of some impropriated benefices and parsonages in manner and form thereafter expressed, that is to say, that as soon as they conveniently might after the receipt of the said sum, they should purchase therewith, or with the greater part thereof, the inheritance of some appropriated benefice or parsonage, and bestow yearly some competent portion of the profits and revenues of the said benefice for the maintenance of a learned preacher in the said parish, and should retain the estate of the said benefice in their own hands, with

See with respect to monies left to be invested in the purchase of land, Preliminary Report, p. 66.

3 E

benefices.

the residue of the said profits and revenues arising therefrom, until they should have gathered as much as would make up again the said stock or sum of 2,000.; and then by advice of learned counsel, should disappropriate the said benefice impropriate, so as the same, with the full profits thereof, should from thenceforth for ever be and remain to some ecclesiastical parson and his successors to be from thenceforth parsons or rectors of the said benefice or parsonage; and her will and meaning was that the said company should hold and continue for ever the same course of employing the said stock of 2,0007. in purchasing of appropriated benefices and maintaining of learned preachers in the same parishes and restoring and reuniting to the church the said appropriated benefices by disappropriating the same in manner aforesaid. The benefices thus to be dealt with were to be donative, and the company were to render accounts to the master and governors of Christ's Hospital, who were to make the company an allowance in respect of their necessary charges and expenses.

The administration of this fund was the subject of an inquiry before a Commission of Charitable Uses in 1704. At such date, two impropriate benefices only had been purchased, viz., Norhill, Bedford, in 1620, and All Hallows, Staining, London, in 1663. The commission decreed that the company should continue to execute the trust. Proceedings in Chancery were again taken against the company and Christ's Hospital in 1761. At this date there had been no additional purchases and a large sum had accumulated to the credit of the trust. The court directed that the company should continue to carry out the trust, and 1762, the benefice of Bucknell, Shropshire was purchased, and in 1786 that of Ugborough, Derbyshire.

The impropriate tithes belonging to all these benefices were disappropriated and reunited to their respective churches, and during the 18th century the company spent considerable sums in rebuilding two of the parsonages, those of Bucknell and Allhallows.

These are the only livings which the company has purchased out of the fund in 274 years.

The church of Allhallows, Staining, like others of the City churches, ceasing to be useful, the company in 1866 and 1869 respectively, obtained Acts of Parliament under which the site of the church and parsonage were directed to be sold, the tithes to vest in the company, and the proceeds of such sale and tithes, together with the accumulation of the Slaney trust fund, to be applied in building and endowing successively three churches in new districts formed or to be formed in the diocese of London, to be selected by the company and approved by the bishop within six miles from St. Paul's.

The site of the church and of the curate's house were accordingly sold for about 13,0007. Two new

districts were formed, Allhallows, Bromley-by-Bow, and St. Anthony, Stepney, and two churches built at a cost of 10,000l. and 9,000l. respectively. An endowment of 5001. a year was assigned to each. In the case of Allhallows the company, out of their private funds, built a rectory-house, and in both cases a large parish room, besides providing an excellent organ, church furniture, &c. The private outlay of the company in the two cases was not less than 6,6007. They also contribute towards the salary of the curates and church expenses, and make an allowance to the rector of St. Anthony's of 1007. a year in lieu of residence.

The balance of the fund now in the hands of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners is about 3,000l., which will accumulate with the balance of the unappropriated tithes, until the amount is sufficient to build a third church.

The amount now in the company's hands under Lady Slaney's Trust (as distinct from the trusts of the Estate Acts) is 4,6561. 10s. 1d. As it is a matter of great difficulty to find donative benefices for purchase, as directed by Lady Slaney, and such benefices are not regarded with favour by the church authorities, this sum of 4,656l. 10s. Id. might well be applied under trusts similar to those of the Estate Acts.

new middle

The company prints also a short list of all its charities, Company's showing how they have been dealt with since the Charity class school Commissioners' Report of 1821, the only public document at Hackney extant in which the subject is dealt with in detail. From Downs. this list it will be seen that two schemes have been sanctioned since that date, for the declaration of new trusts, with respect to some of the charities, "Prison charity scheme" and a "School scheme." The schemes, really one scheme carried out (under the clauses of the Endowed Schools Act, 1869, with reference to "obsolete charities ") by the Endowed Schools Commission, with the sanction of the Charity Commissioners, for erecting a middle class school on Hackney Downs for the education of 400 boys. The school was opened in 1876 and has at present from 350 to 400 scholars.

The capital expenditure on the school has been 32,8721., including a voluntary contribution of 6,000l. by the company. The working of the school at present costs the company 1,000l. a year out of its corporate funds.

One of the charities appropriated to this school is a charge in favour of poor clergymen's widows of 201., on a tithe rentcharge in Montgomeryshire, held under the will of Lady Middleton. The company, however, still devotes 6001. a year to this object.

The company has also purchased for the benefit of its members six presentations to Christ's Hospital, and three to the London Orphan Asylum.

(a) Includes repairs and alterations. (b) Towards Restoration. (c) Parish Room and Organ. (d) 100l., Agricultural Exhibition.

With respect to the very large subscriptions to the London Hospital which appear in the accounts of the company in return state as follows:

The company has always regarded the London Hospital as having peculiar claims for support and assistance, owing to its situation in the east end of London, in the neighbourhood of the docks, the centre of the business of wholesale merchants. The first gift seems to have been in 1796; in 1868, 1870, and 1872, 500l. a year was given. In 1873, 20,000l. was given towards the erection of a new wing, to be called "The Grocers' Wing"; and in 1876 5,000l. towards the furnishing of that wing on the occasion of its being opened by Her Majesty. In 1878, 1879, and 1880, 5001. a year has been given to the hospital. In compliance with the wish of the house committee of the hospital, two members of the court of assistants are nominated by the court to serve on that committee.

Church Patronage.

The company have eight ecclesiastical benefices wholly or partially in their gift.

66

*As regards technical education, the company say,The court of assistants have been pressed to join the City and Guilds of London Institute for the advancement of technical education, but have declined, owing to the pressure of the company's business in connexion with their existing schools, and to doubts as to the possibility of making technical education, as at present conducted, especially at South Kensington, practically useful to the working classes.

"The court have under their consideration the introduction of technical education in a simple form at their Middle Class Schools, Hackney Downs."

REFORM.

The Company made no suggestion. They will be prepared to give their best attention to any views expressed by the Commissioners.

(See Mr. Hare's Reports as to (1) Lady Slaney's charity, (2) the Knowles, Kebyll, Butler, Blundell, Robinson, and Middleton's charities, (3) Sir W. Laxton's will.)

*The Company has since joined the Institute.

Have declined to and Guilds join the City of London

Technical
Institute.