Progress of the changes in the Navigation Laws-Reciprocity Treaties
-Austria, July 1838-Zollverein States, August 1841-Russia, 1843
-Various anomalies, &c., then in existence-Curious effects of Re-
gistry Laws, as regarded individuals or corporate bodies-Ship
Equador-Decision of the Queen's Bench, December 1846-Further
details: owner to reside in the United Kingdom-Naturalisation of
goods brought to Europe-Waste of capital caused thereby; and
obstructions to trade-Story of the cochineal-But the Navigation
Laws not always to blame-Special views of the Canadians-Mon-
treal, its shipping and trade-Navigation of the St. Lawrence-Free-
trade with the United States desired by the farmers of Canada—
Negotiations proposed-Canadians urge the abolition of Protection-
Views of Western Canada-Canadians, really, ouly for partial Free-
trade-Improvements of their internal navigation-Welland Canal
-Cost of freight the real question-Loss to Canada by New York
line-General summary of results as to Canada-West Indians for
Free-trade as well as Canadians-Divergent views of capitalists at
home-Liverpool and Manchester opposed 110-135
New Parliament, November 18, 1847-Speech from Throne — Mr.
Robinson and Shipowners deceived - Conversation between Mr.
Bancroft and Lord Palmerston-Mr. Bancroft's declaration-Official
letter from Mr. Bancroft to Lord Palmerston, November 3, 1847—
Lord Palmerston's reply, November 17, practically giving prior
information to the Americans-Lord Clarendon tells the Shipowners'
Society that the laws will not be altered, December 26, 1816; and
repeats this assurance, March 15, 1847-Interview between Lord
Palmerston and Mr. Bancroft, published in Washington Union'-
Excites great indignation when known in England, January 1848-
Parliament re-assembles, February 3, 1848-Lord Palmerston admits
the correspondence with America-The Earl of Hardwicke's pro-
posal, February 25, 1848-Earl Grey grants a Committee-Evidence
of the Shipowners before the Lords' Committee-Mr. Young proposes
some modifications, the first concessions of the Anti-Repeal Party--
Claim in favour of direct voyages-Government insists on Total
Repeal-Detailed views of Admiral Sir George Byam Martin-Im-
portance of keeping up the merchant navy - Arguments from his
personal experience as to its value as a nursery for seamen
Working of the system of apprenticeship, and of impressment-
Evidence of Admiral Berkeley, and of Mr. R. B. Minturn-Details
about American ships-Reciprocity treaties so far as they affect
Americans-Their whale fishery. Pages 161-190
Debate in the Lords, May 7, 1849, on second reading-Speech of the
Marquess of Lansdowne-Lord Brougham-Condemnation of Mr.
Porter's statistics-Protected and unprotected Trade-Voyages to
the Continent-Napoleon's desire for ships, colonies, and commerce
-Earl Granville-Earl of Ellenborough-Increase of foreign peace
establishments-Earl of Harrowby-Earl Grey-Lord Stanley-Ad-
mits need of modifications-Canada not our only colony-Majority
for the Bill, 10-Duke of Wellington votes for it-Proceedings and
debate in Committee-Lord Stanley's amendment-Rejected by 13
-Earl of Ellenborough's amendment-Claims of Shipowners, and
fear of competition-Amendment rejected by a majority of 12—Bill
read a third time-Timber duties, &c., admitted to be grievances-
Lord Stanley's protest-Royal assent given, June 26-Coasting trade
thrown open, 1854-Americans, October 1849, throw open all,
except their coasting trade
264-286
Parliamentary inquiry, 1854-5, on Passenger ships-Heavy losses at
sea previously, and especially in 1854-Emigration system-Frauds
practised on emigrants-Runners and crimps-Remedies proposed—
Average price, then, of passages-Emigration officer-Medical inspec-
tion-American emigration law-Dietary, then, required-Disgrace-
ful state of emigrant ships at that time-Act of 1852-Resolution of
New York Legislature, 1854-Evidence as to iron cargoes-Various
attempts at improvement-Legislation in the United States, 1855—
Uniformity of action impossible-English Passenger Act, 1855-
Attempt to check issue of fraudulent tickets-General improvements
-Merchant Shipping Act discussed-Extent of owner's liability—
Unnecessary outcry of the Shipowners-Question of limited liability
--Value of life-Powers given to the Board of Trade-Mode of pro-
cedure in inquiries about loss of life-Further complaints of the
Shipowners, who think too much discretion has been given to the
Emigration officer-Though slightly modified since, the principle of
the Passenger Act remains the same-the "Rule of the road at sea"
-Examination now required for engineers as well as masters of
steam vessels-Injurious action of the crimps-Savings-banks for sea-
men instituted, and, somewhat later, money-order offices. 322-351
Further returns of the Board of Trade, and address of the Shipowners'
Society to the electors, 13th April, 1859-Shipowners' meeting in
London-Character of the speeches at it-Mr. Lindsay proposes an
amendment-Effect of the war between France and Austria-Mr.
Lindsay moves for an inquiry into the burdens on the Shipping
Interest, 31st January, 1860-Report of the Committee thereon—
Views with regard to foreign countries- The Netherlands - The
United States-Generally unsatisfactory state of the intercourse with
foreign nations-The present depression beyond the influence of✓
Government-General results of Steamers versus Sailing Vessels-
The Committee resists the plan of re-imposing restrictions on the
Colonial Trade-Difficulty of enforcing reciprocity--Want of energy
on the part of the English Foreign Office-Rights of belligerents-
Privateering abolished in Europe; America, however, declining to
accept this proposal-Views of the Committee thereon, and on the
liability of Merchant Shipping-Burden of light dues-Pilotage-
Charges made by local authorities now, generally, abolished, as well
as those of the Stade dues--The report of 1860, generally, accepted
by the Mercantile Marine-Magnificent English Merchant Sailing
vessels, 1859-1872 - The Thermopyla-Sir Lancelot and others—
Americans completely outstripped-Equal increase in the number as
well as the excellence of English shipping-Results of the Free-trade
policy. 386-421
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