Tonnage of Shipping Entered and Cleared in the United Kingdom, United States, France, Holland, Norway, Prussia, and Sweden, distinguishing between National and Foreign Ships from 1850 to 1873. With Cargoes and in Ballast.

in 1860, owns more tonnage than
the whole of the United Kingdom,
p. 3, note

distinct contracts for the sailors
of, in the bank and cod, and whale
fisheries, p. 9

adopts from other nations the laws
best fitted for her condition, ibid.

various regulations in, with refer-
ence to contracts between seamen
and masters, pp. 9-10

duties of mates in, much like
those of other countries, p. 10

in, masters of vessels are liable to
actions of law if they enforce their
authority too severely, ibid.

regulations adopted in the courts
of, for the duties of masters and
mates, pp. 10–11

caused the first infringement of
the principle of the old Navigation
Laws, p. 99

Protectionist farmers in, stop the

importation of Canadian corn into,
P. 126
America, the policy of, with reference to
the English repeal of the Navigation
Laws most important to ascertain,
p. 212

general policy of, ever since her
Independence, has been Protectionist,
p. 213, note.

--, the dwellers in, on the sea-board
of the States, very strongly Pro-
tectionist, p. 215

builds, in 1848, a new and very
superior class of vessels for trade from
New York to California, and thence
to China, p. 289

declines the convention with
reference to privateering, p. 407
American Captains, memorial of, in
1820, to Congress complaining of the
differential duties levied by France,
p. 4, and note.
American Government had, for many
years, to expend large sums for
destitute seamen, p. 15

at once accepts the conditions of
the repeal of the Navigation Laws,
but withholds their own coasting
trade, p. 286

American Law, careful provisions by,
for all sailors employed in their ships,

P. 11

considers the masters and owners
of ships common carriers, p. 20

as applied to mercantile matters
very nearly the same as the English,
ibid.

expressly provides that mer-
chant seamen shall have full oppor-
tunities of laying the complaints
before their consuls abroad, p. 23

American merchant service offers more
inducements than the English for
young men to enter it, p. 17

generally anxious that their cap-
tains should have a share in vessels,
ibid.

hence, secures for officers in its
ships, men of superior position and
attainments, ibid.

,nature of the contracts in, between
owners and captains, p. 18

excellent schools provided by,
for training boys, ibid.

sailors employed in, can almost
always read, write, and cypher,
ibid.

spirit and character of the
"shipping articles usual in, as
affecting seamen, owners, masters,
and consignees, pp. 19-20
-----, conditions about wages, in, with
securities for their due payment,
Pp. 21-2

-, power given to the sailors em-
ployed in, to appeal to the Admiralty
courts, pp. 22-3

American Navigation Laws, conditions

and peculiarities of, pp. 328-9
American Seamen, Act of 1803 and
1840 with reference to the payment
and discharge of, pp. 12-14
-, general character of, p. 25
American ships (under the Navigation
Law) might carry British goods to
British settlements in the East
Indies, p. 95

allowed to clear from English
ports to China, while English mer-
chants could not send a ship thither,
p. 105
American Shipowners require the mas-
ters of their vessels to have know-
ledge of commercial pursuits as well
as of navigation, p. 15
American tonnage and classification

differ from that of England, p. 187
American Vessels, Masters of, far supe-

rior to those of English ships during
the first half of the present century,
p. 15.
American War of Independence, at the
commencement of, the Americans

could neither import nor export, ex-
cept in British ships, p. 100
Americans obtain, nearly, a monopoly

of the trade between China and Great
Britain in 1849, p. 290
Americans so outstripped by English
sailing vessels, that English ships are
often chartered to bring carly teas
from China to New York, pp. 418-20
Americans of the West, naturally hope
for a free exit of their goods to
Europe, &c., from the mouth of the
St. Lawrence, p. 125

and the Canadians naturally desire
Free-trade, p. 125
Ancel, M., discouraging report of, pp.
458-9

Ancona, Consul of, reply by, to the
Foreign Office Circular, p. 45

Annatto, case of ship laden with, pp.
119-20.

Anne, Queen, Act of, for securing sea-
faring apprentices, p. 183
Anti-Corn-Law League, object and
action of, pp. 77-8

Austria, regulations of, with reference
to the commanders of their merchant
vessels, p. 36

-, special Commercial Treaty made
with, 1838-40, pp. 110-2

details of treaty with, in 1840,
valuable as showing the influence
of the new civilizing power, steam,
p. 111
Austria, French War with, caused a
great demand for English shipping,
p. 398

Bahia, the Consul at, reply by, to the
Foreign Office Circular, pp. 47-8
Baker, Mr., Consul at Riga, reply by,
to Foreign Office Circular, p. 43
Bancroft, Mr., has interviews with
Lord Palmerston in the autumn of
1847, p. 163

-, emphatic language of, at one of
these, ibid.

doubt if he meant all he said,
pp. 163-4

letter from, to Lord Palmerston,
Nov. 3, 1847, pp. 164-5

communications by, to the Eng-
lish Government, imply complete re-
ciprocity, p. 169

-, certain, that up to March 5, 1849,
he had succeeded in deceiving both
Lord Palmerston and Mr. Labou-
chere, p. 223

Bank Charter Act of 1844 suspended
for a second time, 1858, causes the
failure of many banks, p. 361
Baring, Mr. T., thinks that we ought
in all cases to adhere to the main
principles of the Navigation Laws,
p. 261

thinks if the merchants have really
suffered as much as stated from the
laws, they would have complained,
ibid.
Belvidere, The, or Royal Alfred Aged
Seaman's Institution, great value of,
p. 37, note

Bentinck, Lord George, resumes the
debate on the Navigation Laws on
June 9, 1848, the fourth night,
p. 201

death of, Sept. 21, 1848, and
universal respect to, shown on the
day of his funeral, p. 219
Bergasse, M., a Protectionist, gives evi-
dence, practically, confirming the
Free-trade assertions, p. 454
Berkeley, Captain, evidence of, p. 186.
Board of Trade, Commission by, May
17, 1847, to examine into matters
connected with the commercial
marine, p. 50

return of, confirms the general
truth of the replies to Mr. Murray's
Circular to the Consuls, ibid.
Booker, Mr., Vice-Consul of Cronstadt,
reply to the Foreign Office Circular,
pp. 42-3

Boston sends ships to the East Indies
and China as early as 1789, p. 7
Bouverie, Mr., amendment proposed by,
not accepted by even the Shipowners,
p. 249

urges that his amendment is
strictly in accord with Free-trade
principles, pp. 251-2

amendment of, ultimately sup-
ported by only 15 members, p. 254
Braysher, Mr., evidence of (as Collector
of Customs in London), on the prac-
tical working of the Navigation Laws,
pp. 153-5

-, peculiar anomalies in the Navi-
gation Laws shown by, p. 154
Bright, J., Mr., energetically supports
Mr. Cobden in his exertions against
Protection, pp. 77-8

urges in vain on Mr. Labouchere
VOL. III.

the importation of cotton, then
abundant at Havre, p. 155, note
British Ships, condition constituting
previously to the repeal of the Navi-
gation Laws, pp. 93-95

the owner of, under the Naviga-
tion Law, could not live in Paris,
p. 117

are excluded from the trade be-
tween the Atlantic and Pacific ports
of the United States, p. 373
British Ships and Seamen, Acts of
Parliament passed between 1849 and
1875 inclusive, relating to British
ships and seamen, and other Parlia-
mentary Papers respecting thereto,
Append. p. 634

British Tonnage, Returns of, if suffi-
ciently extended, afford an adequate
estimate of the actual state of British
shipping, p. 375

Brougham, Lord, splendid oration of,
against the repeal of the Navigation
Laws, pp. 266-74

condemns with great severity
Mr. Porter's statistics, pp. 267-9.

objects to sweep away all re-
striction without obtaining any equi-
valent, p. 269

holds that the policy of the Navi-
gation Laws rested on the partial
monopoly they gave to British ship-
ping, p. 271

and that the fleets, with which we
destroyed the power of Bonaparte,
were created by the Navigation
Laws, p. 272

believes the repeal of the Navi-
gation Laws would encourage the
infernal slave-trade, p. 273
Buchanan, Mr., replies to Mr. Cramp-
ton, by sending him the Act of
Congress of May 24, 1828, p. 212

distinctly states that a letter had
been written on Nov. 3, 1846,
urging a Free-trade treaty between
America and England, but reserving
the coasting-trade of both countries,
p. 214
Bulow, Count, replies on the part of
Prussia that no pledge could be
given for future legislation, p. 216
Buoyancy, the reserve, no possible
means of determining, p. 528

2 T