PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.

1. There are about 3,500 miles of roads on Prince Edward Island, outside of incorporated cities and towns.

2. The approaches to the city of Charlottetown, aggregating 8 or 10 miles, were macadamized in 1878. Many roads through lowlying sections of the island, perhaps aggregating 250 miles, are of corduroy or similar structure. The remainder of the roads are ordinary clay or dirt roads.

3. All roads are directly administered by the department of public works of the Province of Prince Edward Island.

4. It is estimated that to macadamize roads here would cost approximately $6,000 or $8,000 per mile. Suitable rock for road metal is very scarce, and for highway purposes would cost $3.50 per ton. The corduroy road costs approximately $1 per cubic yard. The cost of making new clay roads varies greatly, the best estimates obtainable stating the range as from $10 to $50 per mile.

5. The cost of maintaining the Prince Edward Island roads averages from $8 to $20 per annum per mile.

6. The expenditure upon roads in the Province last year amounted to $30,810, and was virtually all for ordinary upkeep.

7. Cf. No. 15.

8. The island is divided into 472 road districts, each under the charge of a roadmaster who is directly responsible to the provincial department of public works. He collects the road taxes in his district, or supervises labor contributed in lieu of taxes.

9. The provincial government corresponds with the American State governments. The road districts are arbitrary, and are not truly analogous to any American governmental unit.

10. No tax is levied on abutting land.

11. No such data have ever been prepared in the Province; and local authorities do not consider their preparation at present feasible. 12. The cost of hauling produce is approximately 30 cents per ton per mile, on ordinary hauls of from 1 to 3 miles. This allows the vehicle to return unladen over the route of the haul. Carters and contractors can not furnish the basis for their charges, but the rate is fairly well established. The maximum load for a single horse is 1 ton, and on country roads the average is considerably

less.

13. Roads have not been substituted for branch railway lines on the island. The seacoast and rivers are so accessible to all parts of the country that the railway serves a relatively narrow territory in the interior.

14. The average length of haul to rail or water transportation facilities is not greatly in excess of 3 miles.

15. The provincial road taxes are: (1) $1.50 direct tax to be paid or worked out by every male citizen between the ages of 21 and 65; (2) 40 cents for each horse over 3 years of age; and (3) $1 for male and $3 for female dogs. In case any roadmaster has a surplus after attending to the roads in his district such surplus is transmitted to the provincial department of public works. In practice, however, each district ordinarily requires aid out of the general provincial revenues.

Last year two-thirds of the money expended came from the general funds of the Province.

16. Accounting, cost keeping, personnel, etc., are set forth in the accompanying pamphlet entitled, "The road act, 1912." CHARLOTTETOWN, P. E. I., November 12, 1912.

DENMARK.

[Data received from the inspector general of roads of Denmark.]

1. About 43,000 kilometer (26,720 miles), namely, 6,800 kilometer (4,226 miles) highways and 36,200 kilometer (22,494 miles) byways. 2. There are roads of all types, but they are neither classified according to their construction nor according to their importance, but exclusively according to their administration. (See answer No. 3.)

3. Danish roads are classified as follows: Roads administered by the respective county councils and called "Landeveje" (highroads) and roads administered by the parish councils and called "Biveje" (byways).

4. The costs of building vary from 3,000 kroner (crown=26.8 cents) per kilometer ($1,294 per mile) for an easily built byway to 20,000 kroner ($8,628 per mile) or more for a much-frequented highway.

5. The average annual cost of upkeep (maintenance) is for highways about 350 kroner per kilometer ($151 per mile) and for byways about 80 kroner per kilometer ($35 per mile).

6. The roads are administered exclusively by the respective communities the highways by the county communities and the byways by the parish communities. The State exercises a supervision over all highways in the Kingdom by means of an inspector general of roads appointed by the department of public works, and the prefects of the counties exercise supervision over all the byways in their respective counties, with the assistance of a byway inspector (engineer of roads and bridges) appointed by the county council.

7. The costs of maintenance of highways are borne by the county councils, about two and one-half million kroner annually ($670,000), and the costs of maintaining the byways are borne by the parish councils, about two and seven-tenths million kroner annually ($723,600).

8. The State only exercises a general supervision. (See answer No. 6.)

9. Can not be answered, owing to ignorance of road system in the. United States.

10. There is no special road tax levied on abutting land as such. 11. Can not be answered, as there are no statistics accessible. 12. See 11.

13. No.

14. Can not be answered.

15. The amounts necessary for the building and maintenance of roads are paid out of the collective community taxes, the amounts being appropriated by the county councils for the highways and by the parish councils for the byways. There is no special road tax.

16. With respect to the highways, the road budget is elaborated by a municipal road inspector appointed by the county council in each respective county, and the budget is afterwards deliberated

upon and confirmed by the county council. The accounts are audited by a county auditor. With respect to the byways, the budget is elaborated by the parish councils, eventually with the assistance of experts. The accounts are audited at the office of the county.

17. There is no information on this point. Copenhagen, November 22, 1912.

NOKKENTVED.

(From the American Ministry, Copenhagen, December 30, 1912.)

SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT FROM DENMARK.

The laws and regulations relative to the construction and maintenance of roads in Denmark were enacted on December 13, 1793, and June 21, 1867, respectively. The minister of public works is charged with the administration of these laws and regulations. The total length of the Danish highways (Landeveje) was 6,760 kilometers (4,200 miles) in 1909-10, while the length of by-roads or parish roads in Denmark amounted in all to 36,219.2 kilometers (22,505 miles).

The roads under Government supervision (highways) are built almost entirely of broken stone covered by a layer of gravel. The width of the foundation is usually about 12 feet, on which is placed 4 or 5 inches of broken stone about 12 inches in size. When the cover is worn, it is renewed by applying a layer of broken stone, which is rolled and covered with a layer of gravel. On roads little used only the tracks are filled. The total width of roads between ditches is from 20 to 24 fod (20 feet 6 inches to 24 feet 6 inches). The width of ditches is from 4 to 6 fod (4.1 feet to 6.1 feet). The maximum grade allowed for construction is 1:20; that of the side slopes is 1:11.

As a rule, only broken granite rock is used for broken-stone roads. It is purchased from the farmers, who deliver it alongside the roads, where it is broken by hand, but when laborers are scarce it is crushed by machines. No by-products from mines, furnaces, or mills are used.

Sewers are put down in only a few villages. Cement tubes or salt-glazed earthen tubes are used for cross drains. Culverts and bridges are made of iron beams with a floor of oak planks and a roadway of fit planks.

No preparation or material is applied to the surface of existing roadways to assist in maintaining them or as dust layers.

The cost of construction and ordinary maintenance of the highways and parish roads in 1909-10 amounted to—

which is equal to $166.21 per mile of highway and $42.58 per mile of parish roads.

The Government supervises the highways in Denmark and appoints to that effect a general road inspector, who, together with his assistant, inspects all the higways of Denmark and reports and makes recommendations to the minister of public works.

The country is divided into 21 amts or counties. The county council has the direct managment of the county roads, and appoints an inspector, who supervises the work in connection with the construction and maintenance of the highways. The parish roads are supervised by the parish council under the direction of and in some cases with contribution from the county council.

In 1909-10 the contributions from the counties to the parishes amounted to 178,825 krans ($47,925). Road revenues are raised from taxes on all real property (included in the general tax levied on the taxpayers of the counties and parishes, respectively).

As the administration is uniform throughout the country, the following descriptive matter and data, which is with reference to the county of Svendborg, will show the general practice. In this county there are 452 kilometers (281 English miles) of highways. All the personnel employed is appointed by the county council. The road inspector receives an annual salary of 4,000 crowns ($1,072) with an allowance of 1.50 crowns ($0.40) per 7.5 kilometers (4.7 English miles) traveled. He has four road assistants, whose annual compensation is from 1,800 crowns to 2,250 crowns ($482 to $603), respectively. The daily maintenance and tending is carried on by 109 road men permanently employed, who are each responsible for about 4 kilometers (2.5 English miles) of highway. They are under the supervision of the road assistants and are employed from three to six days a week as requirements demand. Their annual wages are at the following rates, with one month's pay held in arrears:

One road man, three days weekly, 240 crowns ($64.32); 1 road man, four days weekly, 324 crowns ($86.83); 1 road man, five days weekly, 411 crowns ($110.15); one road man, six days weekly, 468 crowns ($125.42).

The qualifications for appointment to each grade are as follows: The road inspector shall possess such theoretical and practical training that he can undertake the supervision of all the work and make profiles of new constructions.

The road assistants shall be able to do surveying, leveling, drawings for new highway constructions and to conduct the execution of earthwork.

The road man shall be experienced in earthwork and regulation work.

Systems of reporting progress and completion of work are not used. The road inspector makes frequent examination of the work as it progresses and the road assistants give the work their constant care and attention, and measure and approve materials for repairs on

their own responsibility. A proposal for the cost of new constructions and maintenance is made annually by the road inspector. This is approved by the county council and made a part of the yearly budget.

The accounting of road expenses is made by the road assistants to the road inspector, who makes all payments and disbursements and submits a monthly statement supported by vouchers to the county council. The amounts granted for the different accounts in a passed proposal shall not be exceeded, except by special permission.

Each roadman is required to supply himself with a shovel, spade, pickax, and a wheelbarrow. Other parts of the outfit for road building and maintenance, such as road scrapers, ditch molds, water level and gardeners' shears, are the property of the road authorities.

Iron rollers weighing from 10,000 to 12,000 Danish pounds (11,000 to 13,200 pounds average) are used for rolling broken stone and to render the roads suitable for traffic. They are drawn by horses. Two machines for crushing stones are also provided by the road authorities. No roads are maintained or repaired by contract.

Generally there are few if any restrictions or regulations imposed upon traffic. Tolls are collected in only one or two counties. Automobiles are required to be licensed and carry a number, but there are no tire regulations. The use of automobiles is forbidden on parish roads and partly on the main highway between Copenhagen and Elsinore. Bicycles require no license and are admitted on all highways. The wheels of carts carrying more than 3,300 pounds must have tires 4 inches wide. However, the tire may be 31 inches if the distance between the wheels on the ground is at least 40 inches. The agricultural traffic between parts of a farm is exempted from the above-mentioned regulations. Neither convict labor nor paupers are used in road work.

The construction of new roads in this country is comparatively very limited, and highway construction has in no instance been substituted for railway branch lines or feeders to railroads. Private railroads do not in any way contribute toward road construction.

The Danish postal authorities, who also carry on the parcel-post service in this country, have established 71 mail-coach routes in the country.

The length of these routes varies very much, viz, from 5 kilometers (3.11 miles) to 33 kilometers (20.51 miles).

The postal authorities do not run the mail-coach routes themselves, but contract with private individuals for the undertaking of these

routes.

From the contracts with the private individuals, copies of which are inclosed herewith, it appears that special types of coaches are required in each case and that the postal authorities provide for loans at 4 per cent interest for the procuring of the coaches only.

The rates of pay per kilometer prescribed by the postal authorities

are:

Fifteen ore ($0.0402) for distances up to 24 kilometers (14.91 miles), and 16 ore ($0.04288) for distances of more than 14.91 miles.

The owners of the mail coaches are allowed to carry passengers and freight on their own account.

(From American Ministry, Copenhagen, January 11, 1913.)