estantism in Hungary, where all the churches, Government buildings, schools, banks, and a great number of dwellings and workshops were burned to the ground.

About the same time floods did great damage in various parts of the country, and culminated in a destructive inundation that swept over the alluvial district around Szegedin. After the destruction of that town in 1879 it was rebuilt on high ground, and a system of embankments was constructed at a cost of 44,000,000 florins for the purpose of securing the neighboring farming lands from the overflow of the Theiss. A sluice at Kistisza was badly constructed, and left in charge of a heedless or incapable inspector, with the consequence that on May 31 the river, which was swollen by rains but yet not within several feet of the

BAIRD, SPENCER FULLERTON, an American naturalist, born in Reading, Pa., Feb. 3, 1823; died in Wood's Holl, Mass., Aug. 19, 1887. He was graduated at Dickinson College in 1840, and in 1842 studied medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York city, but was not graduated. Meanwhile, he devoted much time to long pedestrian excursions through Pennsylvania for the purpose of col

SPENCER FULLERTON BAIRD.

lecting specimens in natural history, and his private cabinet ultimately became the nucleus of the museumi connected with the Smithsonian Institution. In 1845 he was appointed, Professor of Natural History at Dickinson, also teaching chemistry, where he remained until 1850, when he was elected assistant secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. This office he held until May, 1878, when, on the death of Joseph Henry, he succeeded to the

high-water mark, carried away the dam and flooded 30,000 hectares of growing wheat, destroying many farmsteads, and reducing nearly 2,000 families to destitution.

Croatia. The vigorous measures of Count Khün-Hedervary, the Ban of Croatia, have broken up the National or Home-Rule party as an open political organization. The elections to the Croatian Diet, which took place a week before the Hungarian elections, resulted in the return of 86 Government candidates to only 19 of the Opposition. The Roman Catholic clergy head the Separatist movement in the Banat, but they are kept in check by the repressive means in the hands of the civil authorities. August a clergyman was sentenced by the court at Agram to a year's imprisonment with hard labor for seditious language.

In

full secretaryship. The department of exploration was placed under his authority from its beginning, and his annual reports constitute the only systematic record of the National explorations ever prepared. During the decade of 1850-'60 he devoted much time to enlisting the sympathies of the leaders of Government expeditions in the objects of the Institution, supplying them with all the appliances for collecting, as well as with instructions for their use. In many instances he organized the natural-history parties, named the collectors, employed and supervised the artists in preparing the plates, and frequently edited the zoological portions of their reports. The specimens brought back to Washington were intrusted to his care. These, with his own collection and those obtained on the Wilkes exploring expedition during 1842, were the beginnings of the United States National Museum, which, under his administration, has developed until it is now unsurpassed throughout the United States. The system of international exchanges organized under the direction of the Smithsonian, is likewise due to his genius. In 1871 Prof. Baird was appointed Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, an office which he held without salary until his death. This great work, organized by him, has grown until it includes: 1. The systematic investigation of the waters of the United States, and the biological and physical problems they present. 2. The investigation of the methods of fisheries, past and present, and the statistics of production and commerce of fishery products. 3. The introduction and multiplication of useful food-fishes throughout the country, especially in waters under the jurisdiction of the General Government, or those common to several States, none of which might feel willing to make expenditures for the benefit of others. In 1877, at the request of the United States Government, he was

ters, 130 baptisms, and 3,212 members; and for Australasia, 6 associations, 159 churches, 113 ministers, and 15,527 members. Total, 1,352 associations, 36,186 churches, 27,368 ministers, 169,281 baptisms, and 3,313,026 members.

Seven theological institutions in the United States returned 48 instructors and 543 pupils; 27 universities and colleges, 251 instructors, and 3,660 pupils; 30 institutions for the education of young women exclusively, 281 instruct ors and 2,899 pupils; 43 seminaries and academies and institutions for both sexes, 258 instructors and 4,757 pupils; and 19 institutions for the colored race and Indians, 154 instructors and 3,776 pupils. In all, 126 educational institutions, 1,092 instructors, and 15,635 pupils.

American Baptist Home Mission Society. The fifty-third anniversary of the American Baptist Home Mission Society was held in Minneapolis, Minn., May 30. Mr. Samuel Colgate presided. The total receipts of the society for the year had been $552,314, or $15,000 more than the receipts of the previous year. Of this sum $349,797 were returned as contributions from churches, Sunday-schools, and individuals; $158,257 from legacies; $17,599 as income from church-edifice loans and invested funds; and $19,987 from the schools of the society. The Executive Board in making appropriations had adhered to the rule of limiting them to the average of annual receipts of the three years preceding. The expenditures had been $290,887, of which $130,666 had been for ministers' salaries, $59,261 for teachers' salaries, $41,443 for special educational purposes, $29,296 in gifts for church-edifice work, and $31,855 for expenses of administration and agencies. In addition to these expenditures, the indebtedness of the previous year, $123,429, had been been paid off with the results of special offerings. A settlement had been effected with Mr. J. H. Deane, a former treasurer of the society, whose failure in business had involved the society in financial loss (see "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1886), by which he was to pay 50 per cent. of the defi ciency in his accounts, or $66,000 in stated instalments. The summary of the missionary work showed that 678 laborers had been employed in the supply of 1,385 churches and out-stations having a total church membership of 28,398, with 673 Sunday-schools, returning a total attendance of 44,740 persons; also that 129 churches had been organized, and 3,300 members had been added by baptism. The amount of benevolent contributions reported from the mission churches was $28,539. Besides the stations among American populations, the society had assisted the German Baptist Convention among the Germans of Ontario; bad aided the Scandinavian churches, particularly in Minnesota; had labored among the French in Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Illinois; and among the colored people in various States of the South

and North; had sustained 12 missionaries to Indians in the Cherokee Nation, among the Delawares, and to Sacs and Foxes of the Indian Territory, and at the Pyramid Lake and Walker river reservations; had maintained missions among the Chinese in California and Oregon; and had supported missions in Mexico. In the church-edifice department, grants had been made to 62 churches in the shape of $10,818 in gifts and $13,325 in loans; while receipts were acknowledged to the Loan Fund of $7,051, and to the Benevolent Fund of $78,645. The Loan Fund amounted to $122,047, and was regarded as sufficiently large for all demands that were likely to be made upon it. The educational institutions of the society included 11 incorporated and 6 unincorporated institutions; with mission day-schools, largely supported by the Woman's American Baptist Home Mission Society of Boston, in Salt Lake City, the city of Mexico and Salinas, Apodaca, and Santa Rosa, Mexico, and Tahlequah, in the Indian Territory; and mission night-schools for the Chinese in Oakland, San Francisco, and Fresno, Cal. Fifteen schools for the colored people were supported wholly or in part by the society, while Leland University, New Orleans, with an endowment of nearly $100,000, had become self-supporting. These schools had employed 122 teachers, 23 of whom were colored, and returned 2,807 pupils. Ministerial training was provided for at several of these schools, industrial education in many of them, with appropriations from the "Slater_Fund at seven, and medical education in the Leonard Medical School, at Raleigh, N. C., and for women at Spelman Seminary, Atlanta, Ga.

American Baptist Publication Society. The sixtythird anniversary of the American Baptist Publication Society was held in Minneapolis, Minn., May 25, 26, and 27. Mr. Edward Goodman, of Illinois, vice-president, presided. The total receipts and business of the society in all of its departments for the year had been $624,140. The business of the year had amounted to $481,997. The Board of Managers reported that a defalcation by two of the bookkeepers had caused a loss to the business department computed at the date of the meeting to amount to $24,156. One hundred and ninety-four new works had been published, of which 331,500 copies had been issued, and 737,300 copies of new additions of former publications had been printed; while the whole number of books, tracts, and periodicals printed during the year was 26,751,300. The gross receipts of the missionary department had been $8,084 less than in the previous year. The receipts for permanent investment funds in this department had been $8,500. The gross receipts in the Bible department had been $15,972. Seventy-eight missionaries had been employed, under whose labors 710 persons had been baptized, 43 churches constituted, 311 sunday-schools organized, 501 institutes held and addressed, and 1,822 Sunday-schools and

214 pastors and ministerial students had been aided with grants for their libraries. Grants had been made in the Bible department of Scriptures in 13 languages and 21 versions, to the number of 50,000 copies. Special reports were made respecting the mission to the Armenians in Turkey, which was begun at the request of converted Armenians to be appointed to work among their countrymen, after the American Baptist Missionary Union had declined to act in the matter, in 1883. The Missionary Union had been invited several times to take charge of the work, but had declined on each occasion. Other missionaries had been appointed, and the society had now four missionaries or colporteurs at Constantinople, Arabkir, Erzeroum, and some field to be selected; with 32 members at Constantinople, and two schools for girls with 40 pupils, a church attendance of 1,810, and a Sunday school attendance of 1,612 at Erzeroum. Another report concerned the relations of the mission with the American Board, with whose Armenian missions the Baptist work appeared to many persons to be in rivalry. It maintained the right and duty of the society to continue and sustain the mission. Resolutions were adopted making this report the expression of the society, and again inviting the American Baptist Missionary Union to assume charge of the work among Armenians, appointing the present missionaries and accepting the money and pledges which had been gathered for their support. The Board of Managers was urged by resolution to publish tracts and treatises bearing upon the subject of temperance and in opposition to the traffic in intoxicating liquors for the purpose of use as beverages.

American Baptist Missionary Union.-The seventythird anniversary of the American Baptist Missionary Union was held in Minneapolis, Minn., beginning May 27. The Rev. Edward Judson, D. D., presided. The receipts of the society for the year had been $406,639. The missions of the society to the heathen include the Burman, Karen, Shan, Kachin, Chin, Assamese, Garo, Naga, and Telugu missions in Burmah and India; the Chinese missions in Bangkok, Siam, and in China; the mission in Japan; and the African missions, on the west coast, in the Congo, and "at home." These returned altogether 54 stations, and 974 outstations, 248 European missionaries, 780 native preachers, 92 Bible-women, and 244 other native helpers-making a total missionary force of 1,359 persons; 624 churches, with 58,108 members, and 3,290 baptisms during the year, 216 Sunday-schools, with 11,341 pupils, and 778 day-schools, with 874 native teachers and 16.560 pupils. The missionary property at all these stations was valued at $492,077. The contributions of the mission stations were returned at $38,040. The European missions in Sweden, Germany, France, Spain, and Greece, returned 950 preachers, 641 churches, and 65,422 members, with 6,052 baptisms during the

year. The Board of Managers had been applied to by the Bishop of Rangoon and the British and Foreign Bible Society, for permission to publish the Missionionary Union's translations of the Bible into the language of Burmah, substituting ordinary terms or the Greek words untranslated for the more specific terms relating to baptism used in these versions. The request had been declined. The Board of Managers was authorized to accept the direction of the missionary work in Armenia now carried on by the American Baptist Publication Society, such acceptance to be conditioned upon the favorable report of a specially-appointed committee of investigation. A resolution of protest was adopted against permitting the importation of strong drink into the newly-opened Congo Valley in Africa, and a committee was appointed to invoke such help as it might be possible to secure from the Government of the United States to prevent such importation.

Other Baptist Societies.-The American Baptist Historical Society, Philadelphia, has a permanent fund of $3,600.

The Woman's Baptist Foreign Missionary Society, having its office at Boston, returned its receipts, according to the "American Baptist Year-Book" for 1887, at $59,709. It sustained in Asia, Europe, Japan, and Africa 27 missionaries and 109 schools, with 4,049 pupils.

The Woman's Baptist Foreign Missionary Society of the West, having its central office at Chicago, reported an income of $31,595, 25 missionaries, 147 schools, 46 native teachers, and 1,656 pupils.

The receipts of the Woman's Baptist Home Mission Society, Chicago, were $43,240. It sustained 63 missionaries.

The Woman's American Baptist Home Mission Society of Boston, reported the receipt of $24,017, and employed 28 teachers.

German Baptists.-The triennial German Baptist General Conference includes five annual conferences, with which are connected, in all, 12,676 members.

Southern Baptist Convention.-The Southern Baptist Convention met in Louisville, Ky., May 6. The Rev. P. H. Mell, D. D., was chosen president. The Board of Home Missions presented a summary of its work during the year as follows: Number of missionaries, 251; of churches and stations, 822; of baptisins, 3,923; received by letter, 2,319; total additions, 6,242; Sunday-schools reported, 318; teachers and pupils, 13,031; churches constituted, 119; houses of worship built, 62; cost of houses and lots, $60,000.

The Choctaw Indians, under the direction of an agent of the Board, were endeavoring to establish a Baptist school within the nation, and had nearly completed a building for it at Atoka. Three churches had been constituted in Cuba, the oldest of which, at Havana, had 101 members. These churches also returned 6 candidates for the ministry, 4 Sunday-schools,

with 17 teachers and 400 pupils, and 2 dayschools, with about 150 pupils. Report was made concerning co-operation in sustaining churches with the local organizations in various States, and of work among the colored people. The Woman's Missionary Societies had contributed $2,231 to the funds of the board, had supported three laborers in the field, and had given aid to the Levering-School in the Indian Territory.

The receipts of the Board of Foreign Missions had been $87,955, and its disbursements, $87,744. The financial exhibit was the best the board had ever been able to make. The missions which are in Brazil, Mexico, Italy, Africa (Yoruba Mission, etc.), and China--returned, in all, 116 missionaries, native and foreign; 65 churches and stations; 1,551 members; 228 baptisms during the year; 25 schools, with 587 pupils; and $3,012 of contributions.

Colored Baptist Organizations.--The colored Baptists of the United States are represented in the American National Baptist Convention, and the Baptist General Association of the Western States and Territories.

The American Baptist National Convention of colored churches in the United States was organized at a meeting held in St. Louis, Mo., August 25, 1886, with William J. Simmons, of Louisville, Ky., as president. Seventeen States were represented by delegates and visitors. Papers were read and lectures delivered on subjects relating to colored Baptists and the interests of the Baptist Church, and an Executive Board was organized, to have its headquarters at Louisville, Ky.

The receipts of the Baptist General Association of the Western States and Territories were $5,163. The association had sent two missionaries to the Congo Valley in Africa. Steps were taken at its meeting in 1886, for consolidating its work with that of the American Baptist National Convention.

Baptist Congress.-The sixth annual session of the Baptist Congress was held in Indianapolis, Ind., November 15, 16, and 17. Mr. William S. Holman presided. The proceedings consisted in the discussion of the following subjects, in papers and brief addresses: "The Organic Union of Christendom," Rev. G. D. Boardman, D. D., Prof. Norman Fox, the Rev. Dr. Bulkley, and volunteer speakers; "Phases of the Labor Problem," ""The Land Question," by the Hon. J. R. Doolittle, and the Hon. Allen Zollars; and "Profit Sharing," by Prof. Moncrief, of Franklin College; "The Proper Functions and the Influence of the Newspapers of To-day," R. J. Burdette, the Rev. Dr. G. W. Lasher, and the Rev. H. L. Wayland, D. D.; 'Improvements in Methods of Theological Education," Rev. W. C. Wilkinson, D. D., and Rev. Dr. H. C. Mabie; "Woman's Work in the Church," Rev. Dr. W. M. Lawrence, Rev. M. Willmarth, and volunteer speakers; "The Proper Attitude of the Church toward Amuse

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ments," Rev. M. Watson, Rev. T. I. Eaton, D. D., Rev. Dr. E. A. Wood, and Rev. Kerr B. Tupper; and "The Sin of Covetousness," Prof. Stifler, the Rev. Dr. C. R. Henderson, and Rev. Dr. P. S. Henson.

II. Free-Will Baptist Church.-The "Free-Will Baptist Register and Year-Book" for 1887 gives in the summary of the statistics of fortyeight yearly meetings of the Free Will Baptist Church, 194 quarterly meetings, 1,542 churches, 1,291 ordained preachers, 5,988 licensed preachers, and 82,323 members. Twelve new yearly meetings united with the General Conference at its last session (six of them mainly composed of colored people), the membership of which is about 6,500. They are all in the Western and Southern States.

The Free-Will Baptist Education Society received and disbursed in 1886, $3,226. Its funds were: Permanent fund, $1,000; Library fund, $2,235; E. True fund, $9,965. One hundred students were preparing for the ministry in the schools of the Church. The Free - Will Baptist Home Mission Society had received and expended $9,126, and returned a permanent fund of $10,355. The special appropriations to missions amounted to $7,449. The receipts of the Free - Will Baptist Foreign Mission Society had been $14,781. It returned a permanent fund of $9,283, a Bible-school fund of $18,136, and a Bible-school hall fund of $50. The mission, which is in India (Bengal and Orissa), returned 558 communicants; 16 additions by baptism; a native Christian community of 1,085 persons; 2,904 pupils in Sunday-schools; and 3,563 pupils in other schools. The native contributions amounted to 585 rupees. The educational institutions comprise five colleges (one, torer College, at Harper's Ferry, W. Va., with a State Normal and Academic Department in operation, largely attended by freedmen), and five seminaries and academical schools. Other benevolent institutions are the Temperance Society, the Sunday-School Union, and the Woman's Mission Society.

III. Seventh-Day Baptist Church. The position of the Seventh-Day Baptist Church is described by the Rev. A. H. Lewis, D. D., author of "Sabbath and Sunday," and the "SeventhDay Baptist Handbook," as that of making a plea for the Sabbath (as distinguished from Sunday) "not on merely denominational grounds, nor as a sectarian peculiarity, but rather as a fundamental requirement of God's moral government. We plead for a return to the Sabbath as against the Sunday, because there is no scriptural warrant for the change, and because the verdict of history is, that the reason assigned for observing Sunday, and the method adopted for upholding it, have failed to create conscience toward God, and hence to make of it a sacred day."

Statistical reports to the General Conference from 75 of the 110 churches gave the number of members therein as 8,255. Seventynine Sabbath-schools returned 485 teachers,