size of a coffin, sometimes in two rows, one above the other. Nearly all the tombs had been rifled in ancient times. They were regarded as certainly Greek and Roman, and the corpses had not been mummified. Some of the names on the tombs were apparently Hebrew. Such were Nethaneus, Eleazar (AeA ZAPE), Barchias (BAPXIAE BAPXIOY), and others which might be Greek or Jewish. Thus, out of a small number of tablets discovered, one half contain names which are decidedly Jewish; and M. Naville "can not help concluding that the tradition which makes Tell el Yehoodieh a Jewish settlement rests on an historic basis." Further in the desert was another necropolis, containing a great number of terra-cotta coffins, generally hidden in brick chambers. They had nearly all been rifled. The coffins had urns placed at the head and feet. They were painted with Egyptian patterns and hieroglyphics in imitation of the Egyptian style, but in designs which appeared to have no other meaning. M. Naville was not able to agree with Brugsch's supposition that the city was the city of Heliopolis, rebuilt after the Hyksos invasion, but came to the conclusion that it was of more recent origin, and did not come into importance till under the Ptolemaic rulers; that the site was probably that of the city given to the Israelites by Ptolemy Philopater. Mr. F. Llewellen Griffith made more extensive examinations of the further cemetery, from which he qualifiedly ascribed the graves to the period of the Ramesside dyDasties. So far as the relics-the statues, the porcelain images of cats and of Bast, porcelain lion-amulets, scarabei, and fragments of pottery of twelfth and thirteenth dynasty types, and a single inscription on a granite altar of Thoth-Uper Se-Bast Mer-Amen, a hitherto unknown king, probably of the twenty-second dynasty-throw any light on the history of the old city, it appears to have been as ancient as the time of the thirteenth dynasty; to have been embellished by Rameses II and Meneptah; to have received additions to the temple under Rameses III, and to have been still a flourishing city when Bast was worshiped under the Bubastic kings, or in the tenth century B. C. But in the time of Ptolemy Philopater it had long been deserted, and given up, according to Josephus, to the "sacred animals," or cats.

A few miles from this place, at Tukh-el-Karmûs, M. Naville and Mr. Griffith explored a singular group of buildings surrounded by a wall measuring about a mile each way, with a smaller inclosure containing the sites of two temples, of all of which only two foundations could be traced. Rich collections of small objects, including some Phoenician figures, were found in a part of the excavations, with a plaque bearing the prenomen of Philip Arid

eus B. c. 323 to 317.

The Great Temple of Bubastis.-The attention of M. Edouard Naville was drawn to Tel Basta, the site of the ancient Bubastis, by the thought

that no remains of the eighteenth dynasty had yet been found in the Delta. It having been reported during the winter that some tombs had been opened at this place, in which scarabs were found bearing the name of Amenhotep III, he visited the place in April, in hopes that he might find other monuments of that king's dynasty, "more conclusive than scarabs." The site is about half a mile from the station of Zagazig, on the railroad between Cairo and Ismailia, but although it marked the position of one of the finest of the ancient Egyptian cities the Bubastis of the Greeks, the Pi Beseth of the Bible, and the Pi Bast of the Egyptians, the seat of the worship of the goddess Pasht and her sacred animal the cat-it was regarded as a place from which all things of interest had disappeared. M. Naville found that the rumors about the tombs were false; but a few of the scarabs mentioned had been found at the Tell. He, however, decided to sink some pits in the bed of the great central depression which marks the area of the ancient temple. The topography of the depression, surrounded by high banks of rubbish on all sides, corresponds almost exactly with the description given by Herodotus ( book ii, chap. cxxviii) of a temple which was looked down upon by the encircling buildings that stood upon the embankments high above it. The results of the excavations were unexpectedly satisfactory, and encouraged an active prosecution of operations as long as the season would permit. The plan of the temple was uncovered in three different parts, to which M. Naville gave the names of the Festive Hall, the Hypostyle Hall, and the Ptolemaic Hall. The general effect was to remind him of the great Temple of San. The Festive Hall, a large building without columns, was "peopled by a crowd of statues in red and black granite," all of which bore the name of Rameses II, but many of which were probably usurped by that king. In this hall were also found a standing statue of a governor of Ethiopia; a limestone group of a priest and priestess of the twenty-sixth dynasty, engraved with an interesting geographical inscription; a small statue with the name of Achoris, of the twenty-ninth dynasty, whose monuments are very rare; and a squatting statue in black granite of a son of Rameses II, wearing the side-lock of youth, which was evidently usurped from the work of an earlier (the thirteenth) dynasty. The most interesting objects were a large number of sculptured blocks, which once constituted a single tableau, representing a great festival of King Osorkon II, of the twenty-second dynasty. Though they are in confusion, it is possible to gather some outline of the design. It pictured processions of priests bearing standards and offerings; other priests, two and two, carrying shrines and sacred boats, supported by long poles upon their shoulders; frequently repeated representations of Osorkon wearing sometimes the crown of Upper, sometimes of Lower Egypt, generally with the cat-headed goddess

Pasht by his side; sometimes offering incense and libations to various gods, or himself worshiped by the priests; sometimes in company with his queen, Karoama; and religious dances executed by the priests, some of whom make fantastic gestures, while others lie flat on the ground. A fragment of an inscription makes record of a festival which took place every fifty years. The entire hall was constructed of red granite, with the sculptured surfaces unpolished. A stone was found bearing an inscription with the cartouch of Pepi I, of the sixth dynasty, the reputed founder of the Temple of Denderah. The "Hypostyle Hall" contained a colonnade, which is declared to justify the judgment of Herodotus in saying that the Temple of Bubastis was one of the finest in Egypt. It consisted of magnificent monolithic columns in red granite, with capitals in the form of lotus-buds, or palm-leaves, or the head of Hathor, with two long locks. Though they bore the name of Rameses II, or of Osorkon II, they were evidently of an older dynasty, and were attributed to the twelfth dynasty; and a stone was found which bore the name of Usertesen III, of this dynasty. In the western extremity

of the pile, behind the sanctuary, in what M. Naville calls the Ptolemaic Hall, occurs the name of Nekhthorheb, or Nectanebo I, of the thirtieth dynasty, as the author of additions. The history of the temple is thus written by intervals for a period, according to Brugsch's chronology, of about 3,200 years, or from the sixth to the thirtieth dynasty. On this point M. Naville remarks that it is a singular fact that "at Bubastis, as at Tanis, we find traces first of the sixth dynasty, then of the twelfth dynasty, and then occurs a gap which carries us down to the nineteenth dynasty. No name belonging to the eighteenth dynasty has yet appeared, though some may yet be discovered. Scarabs, bearing the name of Amenhotep III, have, it is true, been found from time to time in tombs at Bubastis; but, so long as we fail to discover any trace of the eighteenth dynasty in the ruins of the temple, we are compelled to believe that the Pharaohs of that line ruled only in Upper Egypt, and that the Delta must still have been in the possession of the Hyksos." According to this view, the strength of the foreign element was not finally broken till in the nineteenth dynasty, and Seti I may have

been the first king who once again actually reigned over both Upper and Lower Egypt. The absence of any mention of Shashank or Shishak, the founder of the Bubastic dynasty, who is supposed to have been a native of Bubastis, is remarked upon. The tenor of the evidence afforded by this temple is to indicate that Osorkon II, of whom little has been hitherto known, was the most powerful monarch of the Bubastic line. The condition of ruins indicates that the temple was destroyed by some great convulsion, either an earthquake or a revolution or military assault of extraordinary violence.

Early Christian Cemetery at Alexandria.-An early Christian cemetery has been discovered near Alexandria, on the Ramleh Railway line, between Alexandria and Mustapha Pasha stations, and near the site of the Augustan city and camp of Nicopolis. It is composed of tombs excavated in the rock which underlies the region. In the first tomb discovered, a doorway cut into the solid rock gave entrance to a crypt, surrounded by thirty-eight rock-cut loculi measuring about nine feet in length by from four feet to six feet in width, ranged one above another in two and sometimes three tiers. In each recess were found ten skeletons, all apparently skeletons of men, the bones being very large, and the teeth in all sound and white, and firmly fixed in their sockets. Two other excavations were discovered also with loculi and interments; and the discoveries make it seem probable that the whole area inclosed by the Roman wall, which is one of the marks of the place, is one vast cemetery. Terra-cotta lamps were found with a few of the skeletons, some impressed with an eightpointed cross, some with a priestly figure in the attitude of benediction, and some with I. H. S. Over one niche was painted a palm-branch ornament, and other half-obliterated Christian ornaments were here and there painted on the ceilings of the galleries. The only inscription found by Count d'Hulst, who directed the excavations, is too fragmentary for translation. The Hyksos.-Mr. H. Flinders Petrie exhibited at the meeting of the British Association a collection of casts and photographs of the ethnic types depicted on the Egyptian monuments. Among them were representations of the Hyk508 chieftains, or shepherd kings. Dr. Isaac Taylor remarks in the features of these portraits, as he considers them which are distinguished by "high cheek-bones, and broad, flat, dumpy noses"-evidence that the Hyksos were not Semites, but Mongols or Tartars; and that "the story of the conquest of Egypt by the Hyksos is the story of the conquests of the Huns under Attila, and of the Moguls under Genghis Khan." Portraits of Hittite chieftains also indicate to Dr. Taylor that the royal race of that nation "belonged to the Mongolic Hyksos type, somewhat softened by intermarriage, while the race over whom they ruled presents an ethnic type of quite another character.

It would seem," he adds, "that in their career of conquest, the Mongolic invaders subdued Syria as well as Egypt; and that their dominion, after it had been overthrown in Egypt by the Ramessides, endured yet awhile in Northern Syria."

The Throne of Queen Hatasu, of the eighteenth dynasty, was placed in view of the public at the exhibition in Manchester. This queen was one of the most famous sovereigns of her dynasty. She was a daughter of Thothmes I, and the queen of Thothmes II, who reigned as his successor for many years. She was distinguished by the erection of some grand buildings, including the great Temple of Dayr-elBaharee, in Western Thebes, and obelisks at Karnak; and by the expedition which she dispatched to the "Land of Punt," or the eastern coast of Africa-on the oldest voyage of discovery known in history-which returned laden with precious goods and novelties. The throne is made of a hard and heavy wood, of a rich dark color, resembling rose-wood. The legs are carved in the shape of the legs of a hoofed animal, and each ornamented in front with two royal basilisks in gold. The arms are made of the same dark wood, are of curious shape, and finished with basilisks of lightercolored wood. The seat and back have disappeared, and have had to be restored. The whole was richly plated, trimmed with silver, while the nails by which the parts of the chair were connected, were round-headed, and plated with gold. A part of one of the royal ovals remains; it is nine or ten inches long, is carved on both sides, and contains about one fourth of the field of the cartouch. On it are identified, on one side, the throne-name, "Ramo-ka," and on the other side the family-name, "Amen Knum-Hatshepsn," of the queen. The wood of this cartouch, like that of the basilisks on the arms, is very hard and close-grained, and of a tawny-yellow hue, like box-wood.

The throne, and other objects associated with it, are the property of Mr. Jesse Haworth.

Grecian. The Temple of Jupiter Olympius.—Mr. E. P. Penrose has described to the British Archælogical School in Athens his discoveries in the Temple of Jupiter Olympius, where he has been excavating on behalf of the Society of Dilettanti. Various massive foundations were come upon, which were in all probability the work of Pisistratus, together with three distinct beds intended for the pavement of different parts of his temple, which were found at levels varying from about nine feet to eleven feet below the floor of the later naos. Some drums, about seven and a half feet in diameter, remain of the columns prepared by Pisistratus. The most important result of the excavations was that of settling the question that the temple was octastyle, instead of being decastyle, as had been generally supposed. The probable position of the statue had been ascertained, and the disposition of the foundations corroborated Mr. Fergusson's view of the hypothrum and gen

eral system of lighting connected with this temple, as published in that author's work, "The Parthenon." The foundations had been found of one wall, apparently belonging to even a inore ancient structure than that of Pisistratus, which the author called, for convenience, the work of Deucalion, to whom the original foundation of the temple was assigned by a tradidition which Pausanias records.

Contemplated Excavations at Delphi. An arrangement has been made between the Greek and French Governments, by which the latter is conceded the exclusive privilege of excavating at Delphi for five years. The ruins of the city are situated under the modern village of Kastri, and this is to be removed, the Greek Government paying the expense of extinguishing the titles to the property, while the French will bear the cost of the excavations. All objects recovered will remain the property of Greece, while the French will have the exclusive right of reproduction, publication, and multiplication of the objects found for five years after the discovery of each. Two previous experiments in investigating this interesting site were that of Karl Ottfried Müller at the southern wall of the terrace on which the Temple of the Pythian Apollo stood, who found fifty-two inscriptions, and that of the Ecole d'Athènes about twenty years ago, in continuation of Müller's work, the fruits of which are embodied in a considerable volume of Delphic inscriptions that are regarded as of great value for the history of the Amphictyonic League and the city of Delphi.

Ruins at Thasos. Mr. J. Theodore Bent, excavating in the island of Thasos in behalf of the Hellenic Society and the British Archæological Association, has recovered a number of interesting marbles and about forty inscriptions. The most important relics brought to light were a Roman arch and the theatre. The Roman arch appears to have been erected by the Thasiotes to the honor of the imperial family, and to commemorate the victories over the barbarians. It was fifty-four feet in length, and consisted of three entrances, the central one being twenty feet wide. Of the columns one of the inner ones was intact, and stood nine feet nine inches high, with a scroll-pattern running down one angle. Capitals decorated on two sides only, with floral devices in very high relief, and an egg and tongue pattern below, had adorned these columns. Fragments of six of these capitals were found. Above the capitals appears to have run, both behind the arch and in front, a rich frieze, two feet six inches wide, in blocks of marble from seven to ten feet in length, below which in front ran the inscription in two lines in Greek letters, embodying the legend, "The reverend and great city of Thasos to the greatest and most divine emperor, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, well deserving of his country, great Bretannikos, great Germanikos. The city of Thasos to Julia Domna. The city of Thasos to the God L.

Septimius Severus and to Pertinax." Above the frieze was a projecting cornice, and on the top of this had rested a large statue of a man struggling with a lion, fragments of which were found beneath the débris of the arch. In front of the two central columns of the arch stood four pedestals, carrying statues, and with inscriptions, and in front of the columns nearest the city stood a pedestal, the inscription of which told that the statue it bore was erected by the senate "to their mother Phloneibia Sabina, the most worthy arch-priestess of incomparable ancestors, the first and only lady who had ever received equal honors to those who were in the Senate." The statue was found, almost entirely preserved, representing a young and handsome woman gracefully robed. In the same neighborhood were found fragmentary remains of a Doric building of much earlier date, on one stone of which was an inscription to Ceraunian Zeus, with a thunderbolt underneath it. Of the theatre, which was situated about five hundred feet above the level of the town, the lines of the seats, the semicircle of the orchestra, and the colonnade behind the stage erections, alone were visible. The seats were separated from the orchestra by a wall of twenty-seven large marble blocks, on each of which had been inscribed two large letters, the purpose of which is supposed to have been to indicate the number of the seats. Along the top of this wall ran iron railings to protect the seats. Letters, names, and initials were found to have been cut on all the seats.

In the southern part of the island, at a spot called Alki, were found the remains of a town of considerable size, which had been built upon an isthmus, and was joined to the capital of the island by a road built of irregular blocks of marble, parts of which could still be seen intact. Of the many buildings found, the most interesting was a large Temple of Apollo, with part of an archaic statue of the god and votive tablets offered by mariners to various gods. Pedestals of other statues were found, including one of Athena, and also a small altar to Dionysus. While the temple was probably dedicated to Apollo in the first place, it seems to have become in later times the recognized shrine of many gods.

Tomb of a Lady.-In digging a trench in the Great Varda Street, Thessalonica, at a depth of two and a half metres, a marble sarcophagus of the pre-Christian Roman period was discovered, which seems to have contained the body of a lady of rank. Handsome ear-rings, rings, a gold chain, a brooch, and other articles, were found near it. The sarcophagus was covered in every part with fine and well-preserved reliefs.

Contemplated Excavation of Sybaris.-The Italian Government has determined upon the excavation of Sybaris, which was famed in ancient times as one of the most splendid and luxurious cities of Magna Græcia, and has placed the work under the charge of Prof. Viola. The

fact that it was suddenly destroyed at the moment of its highest prosperity, B. c. 510, coupled with the soft alluvial character of the deposit, like that of Olympia, with which it is buried, encourages the hope that its treasures may be found in a well-preserved condition.

Spain and France. Ancient Sepulchres of l'Argar and Fuente Alamo.-The MM. Siret, of Brussels, in their books, "Les Premiers Ages du Metal dans le Sud-est de l'Espagne," describe some thirty prehistoric stations, furnishing relics of the ages of stone, copper, and bronze of which about twelve thousand objects have been collected. The sepultures present some very interesting characteristics; among them are ex

the woman was found a fillet of silver. Upon the bones of the other skeleton lay a flat bronze sword studded with rivets. Beautiful pieces of pottery, which had been made without the aid of the wheel, and footless vases, were deposited in the tomb. In another instance, a silver diadem, somewhat like the one just mentioned, but complete, was found upon the head of the skeleton. It was a simple fillet of metal, with an appendage made of a thin plate of silver, occupying a curious position which suggests that some accident must have happened to disturb it during or after burial. Ear-buckles to a round shape, and beads of bone or stone, completed the list of ornaments found in this tomb.

amples of inhumation in jars and in cists constructed of blocks of stone. The arms, tools, and vessels of the deceased were usually placed with him in the tomb; if a man, his hatchet; if a woman, her poignard and bodkin; and jewelry with both sexes, but most abundantly with the female. The jars containing the dead were deposited in a horizontal position with the mouth closed by a stone. In the jar represented in the figure, which was found at l'Argar, were found near the skull three spiral ear-pendants, two of which are of bronze and three of copper. Pieces of linen cloth were still adhering to them; a ring was upon one of the fingers of the skeleton, and beside it lay a bodkin indicating its sex. At the station of Fuente Alamo, of the same age as l'Argar, the burial-places were made of slabs of stone. One of them was 0-82 metre long, 0.55 m. broad, and 0.50 m. deep, and contained the bodies of a man and a Among the débris under the skull of

woman.

In another tomb was found a bracelet, weighing 114 grains, made of rolled golden wire.

Roman Necropolis at Carmona.-The existence of a Roman necropolis at Carmona, near Seville, has been known for several years. The site is marked by mounds which have proved to be tumuli of a prehistoric age. Around these mounds the Romans had hewed small chambers out of the rock to serve as family tombs. They are from four to five yards square, and of the height of a man. In the walls are small cavities or niches for the cinerary urns, each of which generally contains, besides the ashes of the dead, a coin, a mirror, & lachrymary, needles, a stylus and tabula, and a signet-ring. The walls are mostly painted in fresco or distemper in the Pompeiian style, with representations of birds, dolphins, and wreaths of flowers. Near the entrance of each tomb is the crematorium, an oven, also hewed out of the rock, on the sides of all of which signs of fire