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a citizen of Mobile. Randolph was named in honor of the Virginian statesman, John Randolph, of Roanoke. Chambers was named for Henry Chambers, who died on his way to take his seat in the Senate at Washington. Macon and Barbour commemorated in their names two distinguished public men-Nathaniel Macon, of North Carolina, and James Barbour, of Virginia. Another new county formed out of territory ceded by the Choctaws was named for Colonel Thomas Sumter, the famous South Carolina soldier.

But though the lands of the Creeks were all organized into counties, and though the white population far outnumbered the red, the Creeks were not yet gone; and before the end of Governor Gayle's administration they gave abundant signs that the old fighting spirit was not yet dead among them.

Turning now to the older counties, we find that there were other important developments in this period. The bank was claiming a very large share of the people's attention. By the year 1832 the demand for branch banks had grown so strong that the legislature yielded to it, and bonds were issued to establish branches at Montgomery, Decatur, and Mobile. Next year the capital of the Montgomery branch was greatly increased, and in 1835 another branch was set up at Huntsville. These extensions of the system caused an increase of nearly five millions in the bonded debt of the State. They added greatly to the power of the bank for good or evil; and it was not long before the people began to fear the bank might some day fail to redeem its notes, which circulated as money. But the general feeling was a feverish desire for more and more money, no matter what sort of money it was.

It was about this time, however, that the worst fault of the whole system began to appear plainly. The directors of the main bank and of the branches were all chosen by the legislature. They had control over the money of the bank, and could decide who should be allowed to borrow it. Therefore many people were eager to be elected directors, and members

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of the legislature were much sought after by candidates. Then members of the legislature began to demand favors of the directors for whom they voted.

So it came about that the connection between the bank and the legislature brought scandal to both. In its early years the bank had been wisely and carefully managed; but

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now many of its loans were made unwisely-in some cases recklessly. Of course, if the bank failed to collect its loans it would finally be unable to redeem its notes.

Nevertheless, it was a time of such hopefulness and careless speculation that only a few men suspected what was coming. Some of the towns were growing rapidly. Mobile was getting the benefit of the steamboat trade, and bade fair to

become an important port. Wetumpka within two years from its founding had a population of 1,200. New fields were constantly added to the cotton-growing area, and the planters were investing their profits in land and slaves. The rude log cabin of the immigrant was giving place to the frame house of the small farmer or the mansion of the great planter. In 1834 the Montgomery Railroad Company, afterwards known as the Western Railway of Alabama, was incorporated. A little later an engineer was appointed to survey the route of a railway from the mouth of Beaver Creek, on the Coosa, to the Wetumpka Falls. But about this time plank roads became the fashion, and for some years little progress was made in building railroads. It was about this time also that Daniel Pratt came from Georgia and set up a gin factory in Autauga County. This was the first important factory in the State, and it was the beginning of Prattville.

In the institutions of the State the most important change of Governor Gayle's administration was in the constitution of the Supreme Court. Until 1832 the court was made up of all the circuit judges sitting together; but in that year the legislature made it a separate body, composed of three justices chosen by the General Assembly. Thus the circuit judges were no longer judges of the Supreme Court, and so were left to discharge their own proper duties. At the election which followed Abner S. Lipscomb, John M. Taylor, and Reuben Saffold were chosen to the three seats, and Judge Lipscomb remained chief justice. But two years later he and Judge Taylor resigned, and Judge Saffold became chief justice.

The increase of population had now entitled Alabama to a larger representation in Congress, and so in 1833 five members were chosen instead of three. One of the new members was Reuben Chapman, of Madison, who thus commenced a long and useful public career. All five were Democrats, and all were firm supporters of President Jackson, who the year before had again received the electoral vote of the State.

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Senator Gabriel Moore was thus quite alone in the Alabama delegation at Washington in his opposition to the President.

At the election in 1835 five Jackson Democrats were chosen. Among them were Joshua L. Martin and Francis S. Lyon, of whom we shall hear again. At the same election the candidates for governor were Enoch Parsons, of Monroe, and Judge Clement C. Clay, of Madison. Judge Clay was elected by a large majority.

But before we leave Governor Gayle's administration one more of its incidents must be mentioned. It was an incident of no great importance in itself, but very important indeed as a sign of the times. In September, 1835, the grand jury of Tuscaloosa County indicted Robert G. Williams, of New York, for sending into the county printed matter of a nature to incite slaves to insurrection. Governor Gayle wrote to Governor Marcy, of New York, demanding that Williams be sent to Tuscaloosa for trial; but Governor Marcy, taking the ground that Williams was not in Alabama when the offence was committed, and so could not be said to have fled from justice, refused to give him up.

This was the first word Alabama spoke in a long and momentous controversy, in which, as we shall see, she took a leading part in later years.

QUESTIONS.

Tell what you know about Governor Gayle. What was the position of the governor and the legislature on the question of nullification? What is said of the land-grabbers? Give the provisions of the final treaty with the Creeks. What was done with the territory thus acquired? Point out the new counties on the map, and tell how each got its name. What happened when the President tried to enforce the treaty? How was the matter finally arranged? What bad effect did the incident have? What events in connection with the bank occurred in this period? What fault in the system began to appear? What is said of the general condition of the State? Describe the changes in the Supreme Court in this administration. What was the result of the State election in 1835? Relate the incident about Robert G. Williams.

CHAPTER XXI.

ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS CLAY AND MCVAY.

GOVERNOR CLEMENT C. CLAY.

GOVERNOR CLAY was born in Virginia, but he was educated in Tennessee and practised law at Knoxville until he moved to Huntsville in 1817. Before he became a judge he represented Madison County in the Territorial legislature and in the Constitutional Convention. He resigned from the bench and was afterwards speaker of the House of Representatives, and from 1829 to 1832 he

was in Congress. In his bearing and character he was a good example of the ruling class in the cotton States. For many years his home in northern Alabama represented what was most graceful and pleasing in southern life.

The chief interest of his administration pertains to the Indians and the bank.

A number of the Creeks had been all along bitterly opposed to the sale of their lands. They were hostile to the whites, and before their departure for the west their hostility broke into flame. Towards the end of Governor Gayle's administration several outrages had been committed by Indians on settlers, and in the following winter alarming rumors began to spread. There was no such horror as the massacre at Fort Mims, but here and there a single white man was murdered, or a settler's cabin was burned and his family

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