* eral States: * * Fifth. Of all cases arising under the patent-right or copyright laws of the United States. (Rev. Stat., 1878, pp. 134, 135.) Chap. 18 (sec. 972). In all recoveries under the copyright laws, either for damages, forfeiture, or penalties, full costs shall be allowed thereon. (Rev. Stat., 1878, p. 183.)] The act approved March 3, 1891 (51st Congress, 1st session, chap. 565: 26 Statutes at Large, pp. 1106-1110), in addition to the amendments, noted above, of sections 4952, 4954, 4956, 4958, 4959, 4963, 4964, 4965, and 4967, provides further as follows: "That for the purpose of this act each volume of a book in two or more volumes, when such volumes are published separately, and the first one shall not have been issued before this act shall take effect, and each number of a periodical shall be considered an independent publication, subject to the form of copyrighting as above." (Sec. 11.) "That this act shall go into effect on the first day of July, 1891." (Sec. 12.) "That this act shall only apply to a citizen or subject of a foreign state or nation when such foreign state or nation permits to citizens of the United States of America the benefit of copyright on substantially the same basis as its own citizens; or when such foreign state or nation is a party to an international agreement which provides for reciprocity in the granting of copyright, by the terms of which agreement the United States of America may at its pleasure become a party to such agreement. The existence of either of the conditions aforesaid shall be determined by the President of the United States, by proclamation made from time to time as the purposes of this act may require." (Sec. 13.) [An Act providing for the public printing and binding and the distribution of public documents (January 12, 1895, 53d Congress, 3d session, chap. 23, sec. 52: 28 Statutes at Large, p. 608). provides as follows: The Public Printer shall sell, under such regulations as the Joint Committee on Printing may prescribe, to any person or persons who may apply, additional or duplicate stereotype or electrotype plates from which any Government publication is printed, at a price not to exceed the cost of composition, the metal and making to the Government and 10 per centum added: Provided, That the full amount of the price shall be paid when the order is filed: And provided, further, That no publication reprinted from such stereotype or electrotype plates and no other Government publication shall be copyrighted.] CHAPTER X. MANUFACTURES, EXPORTS AND IMPORTS. LOCALIZATION OF SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES, BY STATES: 1900. less than $500. All other establishments. 127,346 296,377 penal institutions. Establishments with a product of 44,371,111 136,054 64,671 2,117,466 9,421,392,135 330,415 4,747,013 2,032,819,747 Statistics for governmental establishments, educational, eleemosynary, and penal insti 1 Includes, for comparative purposes, 85 governmental establishments in the District of Columbia having products valued at $9,887,355, the statistics for such establishments for 1890 not being separable. 2 Includes proprietors and firm members, with their salaries; number only reported in 1900, but not included in this table. NOTE. Exact comparisons between the censuses shown in this table are difficult and sometimes impossible on account of changes which have taken place from census to census in the form of inquiries contained in the schedules, in the industries canvassed, and in the methods of compilation. Comparisons between the censuses of 1890 and 1900 are more exact than has ever before been the case; but even between these two censuses there are certain important differences in the forms of inquiry, or the methods of handling the statistics in compilation, to which careful attention should be paid. 1. Capital. It cannot be assumed that any true comparability exists between the statistics on this subject elicited prior to 1890. At the census of 1880 the question read: "Capital (real and personal) invested in the business." At the census of 1890 live capital, i.e., cash on hand, bills receivable, unsettled ledger accounts, raw materials, stock in process of manufacture, finished products on hand, and other sundries, was for the first time included as a separate and distinct item of capital, and the capital invested in realty was divided between land, buildings, and machinery. The form of this inquiry at the census of 1890 and 1900 was so similar that comparison may be safely made. 2. Salaried Officials.-No comparison of the statistics of the number and salaries or salaried officials of any character can be made between the reports of any censuses. Not until the census of 1890 did the census begin to differentiate sharply between salaried officials, i.e., 2,524,681 8,895,774 1,431,529 902,962,191 11,816,533,681 26,825 6,860,890,884 2,380,287,666 4,169,640,696 310,962,522 tutions, and establishments with a product of less than $500, are included in Table only. 7,437.420 29,762,675 employees engaged at a fixed compensation per annum, and the wage-earning class. i.e., employees paid by the hour, the day, the week, or the piece, for work performed and only fof such work. Prior to 1890 such salaried officials, if returned at all, were returned with the wage-earners proper. At the census of 1890 the number and salaries of proprietors and firm members actively engaged in the business, or in supervision, were reported, combined with clerks and other officials. Where proprietors and firm members were reported without salaries, the amount that would ordinarily be paid for similar services was estimated. At the census of 1900 the number of proprietors and firm members actively engaged in industry or in supervision was ascertained, but no salaries were reported for this class, salaries, as a matter of fact, being rarely paid in such cases, proprietors and firm members depending upon the earnings of the business for their compensation. 3. Employees and Wages.-At the censuses of 1850 and 1860 the inquiries regarding employees and wages called for the average number of hands employed: male, female," "the average monthly cost of male labor," and the average monthly cost of female labor." At the census of 1870 the average number of hands employed was called for, divided between "males above 16 years, females above 15 years, and children and youth," and the total amount paid in wages during the year" was first called for. The inquiries at the census of 1880 were like those of 1370, though more extended for some of the selected industries. At the census of 1890 the average number of persons employed during the entire year was called for, and also the average number employed at stated weekly rates of pay, and the average number was computed for the actual time the establishments were reported as being in operation. At the census of 1900 the greatest and least numbers of employees were reported and also the average number employed during each month of the year. The average number of wage-earners (men, women, and children) employed during the entire year was computed in the Census Office by using 12, the number of calendar months, as a divisor into the total of the average numbers reported for each month. This difference in the method of ascertain |