in it. The chief said that he was on the hunt for Sioux, but had seen none. We parted as friends; he went for game, and I continued on my journey home.

At another time, I was again returning home from exploring alone, and it had been raining all day. When it began to grow dark, I looked for my matches to build a fire, and found them so damp that they would not light. Wolves were howling in the distance, and I knew that something must be done before long, as they seemed to be coming nearer all the time. I looked around for a tall tree, and, finding one that I thought would serve, I took my pack and ax and climbed up nearly to its top. The wolves soon began to come around the foot of the tree. It had grown colder, and the rain froze to form ice on the limbs, making them very slippery. I arranged the limbs so that I could sit as comfortable as possible under the circumstances, and wrapped my blankets around me, which gave some protection from the cold. The wolves howled and fought with each other around the foot of the tree all night; but I felt safe, knowing that the tree was so large they could not gnaw it with their teeth. At the approach of morning they scattered, and as soon as it was light I climbed down and started on again toward St. Anthony.

In the winter of 1850, one of my lumber camps was burned, together with my supplies, and I had to hasten to St. Anthony and the fort for more supplies. During my return to the camp, walking forward alone in advance of the team, I was met in the thick brush by a pack of wolves. The road was narrow and crooked, and they filled it completely. I yelled at them and lifted my ax high in the air, going toward them. They began to scatter into the brush, and soon left plenty of room for me to pass between them unmolested; and they looked at me until a turn in the road screened me from their view. Had I taken the opposite direction and turned to escape, they would probably have made a meal of me before the team would have reached me, as it was a mile back. I hurried forward at a double quick pace until I reached the river, a mile ahead, where we camped for the night. The wolves howled around us all night, but were shy of the fire and the teams.

CHANGES IN THIS INDUSTRY SINCE FIFTY YEARS AGO.

My apprenticeship for lumbering was in my native state, Maine, during the years 1837 to 1844. Most of our Minnesota lumbermen, and many settlers in our pine region, came from that state, and are therefore often called "Mainites." The methods of lumbering in the Maine woods in 1830 to 1850 were transferred to Wisconsin and Minnesota.

The logging party built their camp early in the fall, and then cut the main logging roads, which had to be straight, twelve or more feet wide, smooth, and level. Whole trees, trimmed of their branches, were hauled, the bark being removed from the under side so that it would slip easily on the snow. One end of the tree trunk was loaded on a bobsled, the other part being dragged along. In this way the tree was taken to the landing on the shore of the lake or river, where it was rolled off the sled and the sawyers cut it into logs, cutting a mark of ownership on the side of each log. The logs were then ready for the drivers, in the spring, to roll them into the water.

The old camp, as it used to be built in Maine and at the beginning of lumbering in Minnesota, was simple but very handy. Two large trees, of the full length of the camp, were procured and placed about twenty feet apart, and two base logs were cut for the ends. Each end was run up to a peak like the gable of a house, but each side slanted up as a roof, from the long base tree at the ground, to the ridge-pole. This roof, constructed with level stringers, was shingled. A chimney, measuring about four by six feet, formed of round poles and calked, was built in the middle of the roof, and the fire was directly underneath it in the middle of the room. Six stones were arranged, three at one end and three at the other, as the fire-place, on which the logs, about eight feet long, were laid and burned. Between the two rows of stones a hole was dug, and when filled with live coals it was a fine oven for cooking meat or for baking beans or bread. Benches of hewn planks were built beside the fire, and thence extended the entire length of the camp. The places for sleeping were back of the benches, being next to the wall, and the bed consisted of fir boughs laid on the ground. A pole fastened horizontally in the chimney served as a crane to hang the

kettles on for cooking. A cellar was dug near the front of the camp; and a table was made at the rear end, opposite the door. This describes the average lumber camp of the Minnesota pineries during the early years, from 1847 to 1860.

The modern logging outfit is different. Two bob-sleds are placed one behind the other, and are fastened by two chains crossed in the center. With a tackle and fall, logs are rolled up and loaded on these sleds, sometimes to the height of ten feet. Horses or oxen are used on the tackle, and a load takes from four to ten thousand feet of logs.

It is made possible to draw these very heavy loads by icing the ruts of the logging roads. At the beginning of the logging season, and occasionally afterward, whenever snowstorms or continued wearing make it needful, water tanks on runners are drawn along the roads, supplying a small stream at each side. The resulting narrow courses of ice bear up the sleds under the great weight.

The manner of felling the trees also shows an important change from the old methods. Instead of chopping them down with axes, as was formerly done, they are sawed off at the stump.

Temporary lumbering camps of the present time, for use during one or two winters, are warmly built log-houses with perpendicular sides, well supplied with windows, and are in many other respects better than when I began logging on the Mississippi and Rum rivers. The more permanent camps have partitions dividing them into a kitchen, dining-room, and sitting-room, on the main floor, with bedrooms upstairs. The sitting-room is heated by a large stove, and the kitchen has the best and largest modern cooking range. In a single camp fifty choppers and teamsters may be comfortably lodged. They eat breakfast and supper at the camp, going to their work, often two miles away, before light in the short days of winter, and returning after dark. They are provided with abundant and well prepared food, for which their hard manual labor gives a keen appetite.

LUMBERMEN OF ST. ANTHONY AND MINNEAPOLIS PRIOR TO 1860.

The pioneer lumbermen of the upper Mississippi region, who were engaged in our great logging and lumber manu

facturing industries before the Civil war, are named in the following list, with dates of their coming to St. Anthony or Minneapolis. It will be remembered that these two towns or cities, on opposite sides of the Mississippi, were not united under the latter name until the year 1872. The dates given for firms and companies indicate the year of beginning of their work in lumbering. A few residents of St. Paul, as Borup and Oakes, and John S. Prince, having business interests in St. Anthony and Minneapolis, are also included, with the earliest years of accounts of their logs in the surveyor's records.

With nearly all whose names appear in this list, I was personally acquainted. Only very few of them are left with me to the present time. They well performed their work as founders of Minnesota and of its largest city.

The list is compiled from the records of the surveyor general's office. It comprises more than a hundred names of individuals and firms. They are arranged in the chronologic order of their coming to live at Minneapolis, or, in connection with firms and companies, of their first engaging in business here. In some instances a residence of a few years in Minneapolis preceded the appearance of the name in the surveyor's records. Franklin Steele and Roswell P. Russell had lived a long time previously within the limits of the present state of Minnesota, having come respectively in 1837 and 1839 to Fort Snelling.

Each proprietor or firm used a special mark to designate their logs for separate accounts and payments, when the logs of many different owners were mixed together in the booms and drawn out for sawing, or when they were rafted together for sale to southern manufacturers.