In the same year, 1849, I built a store at St. Anthony, and put in a general stock of goods; and Anson Northup commenced to build the St. Charles hotel, which he finished the next year. In 1848 he had built the American House in St. Paul. He was one of the most enterprising and generous men that I ever knew, always accommodating and hospitable. He built the first hotels for transient people both in St. Paul and St. Anthony. It took money to make these improvements, and he always had the money or knew where he could procure it to carry on the work.

OUTFITS FOR LUMBERING REPAID BY LOGS.

The firm of Borup and Oakes, in St. Paul, furnished supplies to many of the early lumbermen, and took logs in payment. In 1856 they ran many rafts of logs to St. Louis. As surveyor general that year, I scaled over six million feet of logs for them. Their store in St. Paul was a branch of the immense business of Pierre Chouteau, Jr., and Co., of St. Louis.

John S. Prince, of St. Paul, also supplied outfits for lumbering, and in payment received logs for sawing in his mill, which was situated just below the steamboat landing. He was the first to manufacture lumber in St. Paul.

Merchants of that city sold supplies to logging companies; but scarcely any St. Paul men engaged in lumbering in the woods, and only a few were lumber manufacturers. Most of the lumber used for buildings in St. Paul came from the St. Anthony mill company.

Nearly all the money that came into the country consisted of government annuities paid to the Indians. It passed into the hands of the Indian traders, who had it all promised before the government made the payment. My store, built and stocked with goods in 1849, was the largest then in St. Anthony, and I had no Indian trade to pay for the goods sold. I had to take logs as payment and ran them to the lower markets, as did Borup and Oakes, to get money to purchase goods. It required one year to get cash returns for goods after they were delivered, and sometimes two years.

LUMBERING ON THE RUM RIVER AND ITS WEST BRANCH.

Having made a contract with Cushing and Steele, in the autumn of 1848, to stock all their mills with logs for two years,

I went up Rum river to explore the second time. On a tributary which enters this river from the northeast about four miles north of the present town of Cambridge, I found a small lake and good white pine on every side. This was afterward called Lower Stanchfield brook. I logged there two years, which was the first lumbering upon a large scale on Rum river.

A part of the lumber for building Fort Snelling, however, had been cut on the same lake; for we found on its shore the remains of an old logging camp that had been there many years. In its vicinity pine trees had been cut and taken away, and the stumps had partially decayed. Logging had also been done at the same early date in the Dutchman's grove, where my party in the autumn of 1847 got the logs designed for building the St. Anthony dam. This grove was on the southwest side of the river, about midway between the Lower and Upper Stanchfield brooks, which come from the opposite side.

I built two camps for the winter of 1848, and then returned to St. Anthony to hire men and to secure teams and supplies. Sumner W. Farnham was the foreman of one camp, as previously noted; and one of my brothers, Samuel Stanchfield, was foreman for the other. The two camps put in two and a half million feet of logs that winter. Some of the men in camp were from Maine, including Sumner W. and Silas M. Farnham, Charles W. Stimpson, and others whose names I have forgotten. My brother Samuel was in later years one of the prominent lumbermen of St. Anthony, having in 1856 purchased my store and logging business.

In 1849 I put in the logs of my contract for the mill company mostly on the Upper Stanchfield brook. Joseph R. Brown put in logs on the same stream, over one million feet. The two drives in the spring of 1850 went down the river together.

During the year 1850, the jams and rafts of driftwood in the upper part of the course of Rum river were cleared out by S. W. Farnham and C. W. Stimpson, making the river navigable for logs from its source. The West branch was cleared afterward, within the same year.

Logs were cut on both branches and on their tributaries in 1850, and over six million feet were driven to St. Anthony, and were there sawed by the mill company. Other logs went

below to the St. Paul boom, for markets farther down the river. The St. Anthony mills had two gangs and three single saws running this year, besides two shingle mills. The earliest settlement of the part of Minneapolis that first bore this name, on the west side of the river, was in this year 1850.

During the next winter I cut about two million feet of logs. There were eight parties, under different proprietors, engaged in lumbering on the upper Mississippi that winter; and altogether about 8,800,000 feet of logs were driven the next spring to St. Anthony and Minneapolis. These logs were manufactured by the mill company, and the lumber was mostly sold in these rival towns and in St. Paul for building. The immigration in 1851 was nearly twice as large as the year before.

In the winter of 1851-52 my lumbering parties cut, for driving the next spring, three million feet of logs; and the total product of logs that season from the Rum river pineries, driven to St. Anthony by all the lumbermen, was over eleven millions. A part of this amount went over the falls and was rafted at the St. Paul boom, going to the lower markets.

In 1853 the logs driven from Rum river and its West branch amounted to over 23,000,000 feet. In 1854 the product was nearly 33,000,000 feet; and the next year it exceeded thirty-six million. More than half the logs cut in the winter of 1855-'56 went over the St. Anthony falls, on account of the breaking of the boom above the falls in the spring of 1856. The logs were scattered down the river, some going into the "Cave boom" above St. Paul, some into "Pig's Eye slough," and others into the head of Lake Pepin. About twenty million feet of these runaway logs were collected, rafted, and sold in the southern markets.

In 1856, I was appointed surveyor general of logs for the second district, comprising Minneapolis and the upper Mississippi; and under the law I was forbidden to cut or manufacture lumber during my term of office. From 1856 to 1859, there were many improvements in lumber manufacturing, and more mills were added to those previously running. There was a steady increase in the yearly cut and drive of logs until 1857, when they exceeded forty-four million feet. Up to that date, nearly all the logging was on the Rum river and its tributaries.

RELATION OF LUMBERING TO AGRICULTURAL SETTLEMENT.

A later part of this paper gives the statistics of the logs. cut in all the region drained by the Mississippi above Minneapolis, for each year from 1848 to 1899, yielding aggregate wealth of seventy-five million dollars. The gold received for the manufactured lumber contributed in a very large degree to the agricultural and commercial development of Minnesota and the two Dakotas. The farmers, who had at first supplied only the lumbermen with grain and flour, soon found, by steamboats and railways, more distant markets for their surplus grain, which made their farming profitable. This brought a great agricultural immigration. Its first start was mainly on account of needs of the lumbermen for provisions to feed their teams and themselves in the pine woods, in log driving, and in lumber manufacturing.

The first great gold mine of the Northwest was its pine timber, which was taken from the red man almost without compensation. From the upper Mississippi region, above the falls of St. Anthony, it has yielded twelve billion feet of lumber, having a value, at the places where it was sawn, of not less than $75,000,000. This great lumber industry, more than all our other resources, built up the cities and towns on the upper Mississippi and its tributaries, at these falls and northward.

INCIDENTS DURING EXPLORATION AND LOGGING.

Two or three incidents may be related to show some of the dangers and hardships of pioneer exploration and lumbering fifty years ago. In an exploring trip on the Rum river, I had spent three weeks alone, running lines and estimating timber for entries at the government land office. When returning, at a point near the Mississippi above Anoka, I was surrounded by a band of Ojibways, led by Hole-in-the-Day. The first I saw of them, they were in a curved line, like the shape of a new moon, running toward me. In a minute I was surrounded by more than a hundred threatening redskins with their faces painted for war. But as soon as Hole-in-the-Day made himself known, I had no fear of them, because I had had friendly business relations with him, as before narrated. We shook hands, and I opened my pack, which had very little