Mr. REDDING. I have just one final point, sir. As we have endeavored to evaluate the time problems of this Nation, we have realized that it is something more than merely the time that is observed in the individual States. It is a worldwide problem, actually.

Very early in our activities, we consulted with authorities that were familiar with the worldwide situation. You will find attached to Mr. Ramspeck's statement a comment made by one of those top authorities to the effect that the United States is the worst timekeeper in the world. In order to document that, however, and no one had ever really done so, we prevailed upon a gentleman who served many years with the Interstate Commerce Commission as a hearing examiner trying all the time uniformity cases that appeared before that Commission. His name is Thomas Pyne. Mr. Pyne is in the audience this morning. He has given us counsel over many months, now in retired status, and has carefully prepared what we have termed a "worldwide time study.” Our thought has been that it is not merely a matter of trying to correct the time problems in this Nation, because it also affects foreign commerce. It affects Canada, and we have been in touch with Canadian authorities.

Therefore, Mr. Chairman, with your permission and because this has never been published-it is merely a 14-page document-we would appreciate it if you would be willing to have that study, which is a current study, included in this record, because we feel it can contribute to further cooperation in the interest of time.

Mr. FRIEDEL. Fourteen pages?

Mr. REDDING. Yes, sir.

Mr. FRIEDEL. Is there any objection?

(No response.)

Mr. FRIEDEL. The statement will be printed in the record. (The statement referred to follows:)

A WORLDWIDE SURVEY OF TIME OBSERVANCE

(By Thomas E. Pyne)

A. STANDARD TIME OBSERVANCE IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE

For over 80 years, since the zone system of time was inaugurated in the United States and Canada by the American railroads on November 18, 1883, the United States has had four time zones (W5 to W8),' commonly called the eastern, central, mountain, and Pacific zones. These standards of time received congressional approval in 1918 in the Standard Time Act (15 U.S.C. sec. 261 et seq.), which also adopted a single zone and corresponding standard time (W10) for Alaska. Under this Federal law, which the courts have held governs only the movements of interstate carriers and the other Federal purposes specified in the act, the Interstate Commerce Commission determines what portions of the coterminus territory of the United States are to be embraced in each of the four zones covering that area. Alaska standard time is observed in the central part of the State. Pacific time (W8) and Yukon time (W9) are used in the

1 Throughout this paper the 24 standards of time encircling the globe will be as follows: The zero zone of Greenwich. "Z"; those east of Greenwich "E", e.g., that of the 15th degree of longitude east from Greenwich, 1 hour faster than Greenwich time "E1", that of the 30th. "E2", etc.; those west of Greenwich "W", e.g., that of the 15th degree of longitude west from Greenwich, 1 hour slower than Greenwich time "W1", that of the 30th, "W2", etc. Eastern time would thus be "W5" time, based on the 75th degree of longitude west from Greenwich, 5 hours (15 degrees of longitude equals 1 hour) slower than Greenwich time. Central time would be "W6" time, 6 hours slower than Greenwich time. Irregular standards in between the 24 regular zone standards will be referred to by fractions: e.g.. "W3", the time of 52°30' longitude west from Greenwich time; "W34", that of 52°15' longitude west. 34 hours slower than Greenwich time. These designations are sometimes used to refer to the geographic zones in which the particular time is observed.

southeastern part, and Bering time (W11) is observed on the West coast and in the Aleutian Islands. Hawaiian standard time is the same as Alaska standard, W10). In most States, at least during the winter months, the State and local laws as well as the actual time observance follow the Federal law. However, a number of communities or areas along the time zone boundaries observe the time of the adjacent zone. During the warmer months, however, there are numerous departures from the Federal standards.

It is interesting and informative to examine the time habits of other countries and to observe how they compare with our own time arrangements in the United States, keeping in mind the differences in longitude and latitude, and other geographic and natural differences. Canada has seven zones, including the four zones which extend into the United States (W5 to W8). Canada also has two zones farther east (W3% and W4), and the Yukon zone (W9), which lies between our Pacific and Alaska zones. Canada does not extend south of the 42° parallel, and most of it is north of 49°, compared with the continental United States north-south limits extending from about 25° to 49°, 21° for Hawaii, and from 55° to 71° for Alaska, all north latitude.

To the south, Mexico is mostly in the central zone (W6). A small area of Mexico along the west coast is in the mountain zone (W7), with the exception of the northern part of lower California, which is in the Pacific zone (W8). Central America is in the central zone (W6), with the exception of Panama, which is in the eastern zone (W5), and British Honduras, which has central time (W6) in the summer but turns the clocks back a half hour to (W6%) for the winter. The nearer islands of the West Indies, such as the Bahamas, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Jamaica, are all in the eastern zone (W5). A few islands near Venezuela observe time a half hour faster (W41⁄2), while the islands farther east, such as Bermuda, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Leeward and Windward Islands, and Trinidad take Atlantic time (W4).

As to South America, the northwestern part, embracing Colombia, Equador, and Peru, as well as the western tip of Brazil and the Galapagos Islands, are in the eastern zone (W5). Chile, stretching southward for almost 3,000 miles along the Pacific coast, is in what we call the Atlantic zone (W4), as are also Bolivia, Paraguay, and most of western Brazil. The entire east coast of South America, eastern Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina, including Tierra del Fuego, are in the next faster zone (W3). Three countries along the north coast of South America have standards not on an hourly basis: Venezuela uses W41⁄2 time, midway between Eastern time and Atlantic time, British Guiana uses W34 time, 15 minutes faster than Atlantic time. Surinam, otherwise known as Netherlands Guiana, uses W3%1⁄2 time, 30 minutes faster than Atlantic time.

So far as latitude is concerned, Mexico varies from about 32° to 15° north, the West Indies from 27° to 10° north, Central America between 15° and 8° north, and South America from about 12° north to 55° south. Brazil and Argentina, which overlap in the middle, together extend almost the entire distance (5° north to 55° south).

The equator runs through the northern part of South America (Ecuador, Colombia, and northern Brazil). Only the latitudes of southern Brazil and Paraguay, all of Uruguay, and most of Argentina and Chile are the counterparts of those of the United States. Buenos Aires, Argentina, and Santiago, Chile, are about the same distance south of the equator as Los Angeles, Calif., or Atlanta, Ga., are north of the equator. The southern latitudes of Rio de Janeiro in southern Brazil, Puerto Montt in middle Chile, and Punta Arenas in southern Chile correspond roughly with latitudes of Tampico, Mexico, Chicago, Ill., and Edmonton, Canada, respectively, north of the equator.

B. DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME OBSERVANCE IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE In the United States the Federal Standard Time Act makes no provision for daylight saving time. As the result of State or local options under existing laws, however, in the populous States and areas in the northeastern parts of the eastern and central zones, at scattered points in the mountain zone, and throughout most of the Pacific zone, daylight saving time is observed.

Daylight saving time in Canada follows much the same haphazard pattern it does in the United States. In the East, about 2 dozen cities in the Maritime Provinces observe Atlantic daylight time; more than 100 cities in southern Quebec and southeastern Ontario go along with the usual U.S. observance of eastern daylight time and generally for the same 6-month period. British Columbia on the west coast observes Pacific daylight time throughout the Prov

ince, while Manitoba has provincewide observance of central daylight time, but for only 5 months each year. After observing mountain daylight saving time for a while several cities in the southern half of Saskatchewan shifted to yearround central time.

At the present time there is no daylight saving time in the Provinces of Newfoundland, Saskatchewan, or Alberta, nor in northern Quebec or northern and western Ontario. North of the 60th parallel, during the daylight saving time period, there is enough daylight to satisfy the most prodigal user, so that daylight saving time is not necessary there. Generally the eastern, central, mountain, and Pacific time zones in Canada extend farther west than corresponding zones in the United States.

The only daylight saving time in Mexico is at a few points in the northeast corner, just south of the California border. The only seasonal shift of time in Central America is the half-hour change in British Honduras, but the official position seems to favor the concept that central time is observed except from the second Saturday in October to the second Saturday in February when the clocks are turned back a half hour for this fall and winter period. Cuba, the Bahamas, and a few other islands of the West Indies have daylight saving time for various summer periods. The Dominican Republic observes advanced winter time from the middle of October to about the first of February.

In South America, daylight saving time is confined to Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina. Since summer in the Southern Hemisphere occurs during winter months in the United States, daylight saving time in these countries is just the reverse; namely, from the middle of October to February or March; consequently, the normal zone relation between the Northern and Southern Hemisphere is completely disrupted. For example, Washington, D.C., and Buenos Aires, Argentina, normally in zones W5 and W4, respectively, both observe daylight saving time during their respective summer, the former from April 26 to October 25 during the 1964 season, and the latter from October 15, 1963, to February 29, 1964. The time differences between the two cities, also in relation to Greenwich time, are shown in the following table:

Thus, although Washington, D.C., is normally 5 hours slow of Greenwich and 1 hour behind Buenos Aires, which is 4 hours behind Greenwich on January 1 (the middle of summer in the Southern Hemisphere), Buenos Aires is already on daylight saving time and is actually only 3 hours behind Greenwich, and 2 hours ahead of the United States. During March and most of April, when neither city is on daylight saving time, the normal difference of 1 hour applies. In April when Washington is on daylight saving time and Buenos Aires is not, there is no difference in time, and both cities are 4 hours behind Greenwich time. For a short while during October, while Washington is still on the advanced time and Buenos Aires has just started such observance, the latter city again becomes an hour ahead of Washington and only 3 hours behind Greenwhich time. Finally, after the Washington daylight saving time period is over, it again becomes 2 hours behind Buenos Aires and 5 hours behind Greenwich time.

C. TIME OBSERVANCE IN THE EASTERN HEMISPHERE

In the Eastern Hemisphere the zero zone, for which the Greenwich meridian is the base, embraces the British Isles, Portugal, and almost all of the western bulge of northern Africa from Morocco to Ghana and from Mouritania to Niger. The next zone (E1, the first zone east of Greenwich) includes all of western Europe from Spain to Yugoslavia and western Poland, and from Italy and Albania to Norway and Sweden; and in Africa it embraces Algeria and the west coast south of the bulge from Dahomey as far south as Angola. The E2

zone, which used to include much of eastern Europe, now is confined to Finland in northern Europe and Bulgaria, Greece, and Rumania in southern Europe. It also embraces Turkey and the other Asian countries at the eastern end of the Mediterranean south of Turkey; and in Africa, Egypt, Libya, Sudan, the Congo Republic, Rhodesia, Nyasaland, and the rest of Africa south of Angola and Tanganyika.

Formerly, the Soviet Union observed daylight saving time on a seasonal basis, but many years ago extended the observance of the advanced standard to the entire year for each of its 11 zones. Thus, the part of that country in eastern Europe, previously in zone E2, is now in zone E3, so that between Finland on the north, to Rumania on the south there is no area observing E2 time. The time zone boundary which extends from the southern border of Finland to the northern border of Rumania (about 900 miles) is between the E1 and E3 zones, representing a time difference of 2 hours. In Africa, zone E3 embraces Ethiopia and other countries in eastern Africa as far south as Tanganyika, including the offshore islands of Zanzibar and Madagascar.

Zone E3 also embraces Iraq and Kuwait in the southwestern Asia and furnishes the time standard for certain of the commercial activities throughout most of the Arabian Peninsula. A few points on the east coast use E4 time. Dhahran and one or two other oil-production centers on the Persian Gulf not only observe that time, but have recently been permitted to advance that standard by summer daylight saving time, so as to enable the industrial workers to avoid the intense heat of the late afternoon. However, the local time observed by native Saudi Arabians differs substantially from the general system of standard time. They observe the Islamic system which follows the ancient Biblical concept under which each day is considered as beginning at sunset. Thus the night precedes the day. What we would call Sunday night the Muslims refer to as Monday night, or more accurately as the eve of Monday. Each evening precisely at sunset local clocks are reset to 12 midnight. As the time of sunset varies, depending on the season and the latitude, from about 5 to 7 o'clock, the start of the Saudi Arabian day varies with the location and the time of the year. Thus, 2 a.m. Arabian time (2 hours after sunset) at a point on the 20th parallel north of the Equator would be 8:40 p.m. in July 8 p.m. in September, and 7:20 p.m. in December, in terms of local sun time as we calculate it. No one could blame a foreigner for getting a little confused if he is told to come calling at 2 or 3 a.m.

In southern Asia most of the countries seem to prefer half hour times--in between the 24 hourly standards based on the time meridians. Iran uses E32 time; Afghanistan, E41⁄2; West Pakistan, E5; India and Nepal, E2; East Pakistan, E62; Bhutan and Burma, E6%. Farther east, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and the western islands of Indonesia such as Sumatra, Java, and Bali observe E7 time; Malaya and Singapore, E7%1⁄2: Vietnam, Borneo, the Celebes, and the Philippines E8; and the eastern islands of Indonesia, including the Moluccas and the western half of New Guinea, now called West Irian, E9. Australia has three time zones, the western part is in zone E8, the central part uses 921⁄2 time, and the eastern part, E10, which is also used in the eastern half of New Guinea. As we have seen, the Soviet Union uses 11 zones E3 to E13, the last of which is the same as Bering time, W11, except that it is a day ahead, because all of Russia is west of the international date line. Thus, when it is 12 noon Sunday in zone W11, it is 12 noon Monday in zone E13. China has five zones, E5 to E9, but they are directly related to the respective time meridians, and are not advanced as are those in the Soviet Union. Zone E6 in China is directly south of E7 in Siberia, E7 in China directly south of E8 in Siberia, and so on. Zone ES embraces most points on the east coast of China, including Hong Kong and Macao, and also Taiwan (Formosa). Japan, Korea, and the Ryukyu Islands are in the E9 zone.

Various islands in the Atlantic Ocean range from W4 to E1, including Greenland with three zones (W4, W3, and W2), and Iceland W1. Islands in the western Mediterraneon, such as Corsica, Sardina, and Sicily, observe E1 time, and those farther west such as Crete and Cyprus observe E2 time. In the Indian Ocean the islands use various times from E3 to E7, and in the Pacific Ocean the numerous islands are accorded times ranging from E8 to W4, many of them "half hour" times. The zone times of some of the best known from west to east are: Zanzibar and Madagascar, E3; Ceylon, E51⁄2; Christmas Island, E7: the Carolines, spread among E9, E11, and E12; Tasmania and the Marianas, E10; the Kuril Islands and the Solomon Islands, E11; New Zealand, Fiji, Wake,

the Marshall Islands, and the Gilbert Islands, E12; Midway and the Aleutians, W11; and Hawaii and the Society Islands, W10.

With respect to the latitudes of these countries in the Eastern Hemisphere. Europe extends from about 36° to 71° north latitude; Africa from about 37° north to 35° south; Asia from about 78° to 1° north; and Australia from about 11° to 38° south latitude. The band between north latitude 25° to 49°, which roughly represents the south-north boundaries of the United States, would extend on the north across northern France, southern Germany, Czechoslovakia, southern Russia, and northern China. This band would include all of the Mediterranean area, the northern part of Africa, northern Egypt, northern Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, West Pakistan, the northern part of India, and most of China.

Notably the British Islands are not embraced in this band, as they stretch from about 50° to 59° north, corresponding to latitudes stretching from Winnipeg north to Churchill, Canada, almost the entire north-south limits of the Canadian Province of Manitoba. In the summer this means that London, which is in the southern part of England, has days which are up to 2 hours longer than those in Washington, D.C., for example, and in northern Scotland, the difference is as much as 31⁄2 hours. Another thing to be remembered in comparing the time systems of the two countries is that the London (Greenwich) meridian runs through the eastern part of England, and, therefore, practically the entire area is accorded a time faster than "sun time." In western Ireland it is 41 minutes faster. Berlin is even farther north than London.

It is hard to believe that Paris is farther north than Quebec; that Naples is farther north than Denver; that Cairo is as far north as New Orleans; that Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, is farther north than Miami; and that New Delhi is no farther south than Cape Kennedy. It is well to note also that the only substantial areas of the Western Hemisphere which are in the South Temperate Zone are the southern tip of Africa, southern Australia, and New Zealand. None of them extend as far south as South America in the Western Hemisphere, which (Chile and Argentina) reach about 55° south latitude, 20° or 1,500 miles farther south than the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa. Furthermore. the total land area in the South Temperate Zone, even with the southern part of South America added, is small compared with the similar area in the North Temperate Zone, including a large part of North America, most of Europe, the greater part of Asia, and the northern part of Africa.

The only country in Africa observing daylight saving time is Egypt (22° to 32° north), and the period is from March 30 to September 30 of each year. It is not known what led to the adoption of daylight saving time in Egypt, but it is a little unusual for a country so far south. In Europe, the British Isles (50° to 59° north), of course, adhere to summer daylight time, and are joined by Norway (58° to 71°) and Poland (49° to 55°), all farther north than the United States. The same observance prevails in Portugal (37° to 42°), in the southeastern corner of the Continent, and Turkey (36° to 42°), in the southwestern corner and mostly in Asia, both comparable in latitude to the United States. For example, Lisbon is on a level with Washington, and Ankara with Philadelphia. Thus, it will be seen that during the daylight saving time period, the British Islands and Portugal, which normally observe Greenwich time, advance their time to the basis observed in Western Europe (E1 time), so that during that period a single time applies from Ireland to Czechoslovakia, from Portugal to Hungary, and from Italy to Sweden, except that Norway already on E1 time moves forward to E2 time in the summer. The periods of daylight saving time differ at both ends between various dates in March or May to September or October.

Very little daylight saving is observed in Asian countries. So far as is definitely known, the practice is confined to Turkey already mentioned, and the neighboring Syria (32° to 36° north), a few points in eastern Saudi Arabia on the Persian Gulf (about 26° north), and the far eastern port areas of Hong Kong and Macao (about 22° north).

D. WIDESPREAD VARIATION IN DAYLIGHT HOURS

The inclusion of the latitudes in the foregoing discussion is to emphasize their importance in arriving at satisfactory time standards, particularly in the matter of daylight saving time ararngements. The effect of latitude on the amount of daylight available in summer may be illustrated by the differences in the length of days at the vernal and autumnal equinoxes, on the one hand, and at the summer solstice, on the other. At the equinoxes in March and September the difference in the length of daylight at the Equator and at 60° is only a few minutes; but