so as to give the British a pretext for assisting them, and in case the Americans refused to abandon their settlements and stockades and quit their alleged possession and go beyond the Ohio to the East and South, the allied British and Indians might make a united and general attack and drive the Americans across the Ohio river boundary. The righteous (?) protection by Great Britain of the oppressed Indian knew no bounds! It is the grimmest joke in historic annals.

It will thus be seen that England was still (1794) fighting the Revolution and endeavoring to regain in Ohio what she had lost a dozen years before on the New England coast and the inland western frontier. For twenty years the fair valley of the Ohio, especially the land of the Buckeye, had been the camping ground and tramping field of the American pioneer patriot, the native forest inhabitant and the unyielding British soldier. Historic territory — the arena of the war for national independence and the conquest of civilization over savagery. The latter contest was not yet ended. In the ranks of Little Turtle at Fallen Timbers, as a chosen chief at the head of the Shawanees, was Tecumseh, destined in later years to be the greatest and most conspicuous hero of his people. In the ranks of Anthony Wayne as a trusted officer, was the future first Ohio president, William Henry Harrison. Twenty years later these two great leaders were to meet in desperate and final conflict, on Ohio soil, for the supremacy of race. But the battle of Fallen Timbers was the closing incident in the war for undisputed national independence and freedom. The Indians began to realize the imminent peril of their position. They had learned at their dear cost the power and skill of the Americans and the trickery and treachery of the British. The redmen sealed their defeat and doom in the treaty at Greenville. The British posts were abandoned. Wayne, with one fell blow, drove the British from American possessions and opened Ohio to the peaceful settlement of the western pioneer. The American Revolution had terminated at last, in the battle on the banks of the Maumee, on the soil of Ohio- the same soil upon which, on the banks of the Scioto, took place, in part, the first military movement of freedom's warfare in Dunmore's campaign in the

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fall of 1774. In the fair valley of the "beautiful river," in the native land of the Buckeye, after a score of years of struggle, strife and sacrifice, with a rugged but resistless heroism greater than which history doth not relate, the fearless frontiersmen secured forever to the new-born republic the empire of the Northwest, the most precious inheritance promised the freemen in their triumph at Yorktown.

Where are the hardy yeomen
Who battled for this land,
And trod these hoar old forests,
A brave and gallant band?

They knew no dread of danger,
When rose the Indians' yell;
Right gallantly they struggled,
Right gallantly they fell.

Authorities chiefly relied upon in the above address: Albach's Western Annals; American Archives, (4th Series, Vol. 1); Bancroft's United States; Brownell's American Indians; Brice's Fort Wayne; Burk's Virginia; Brown's Illinois; Butler's Kentucky; Butterfield's Crawford; Butterfield's Girtys: Campbell's Virginia; Cook's Virginia; Dillon's Indiana; Dodge's Redmen; Doddridge's Notes: De Hass' Indian Wars; Drake's Tecumseh; English's Clark; Fernow's Ohio Valley; Fiske's American Revolution; The Hesperian; Harvey's Shawanee Indians; Hildreth's Ohio Valley; Hinsdale's Old Northwest; Hosmer's Mississippi Valley; Jacob's Life of Cresap; Jefferson's Virginia Notes; Kercheval's Virginia; King's Ohio; Lewis' West Virginia; Lodge's Washington; McAfee's War in West; Mayer's Logan and Cresap; Marshall's Washington; Moore's Northwest, etc.; McClung's Sketches; McLaughlin's Western Posts; McDonald's Sketches: McKnight's Western Border; Monette's Mississippi Valley; Parkman's Pontiac; Ryan's Ohio; Roosevelt's Winning the West; Stone's Joseph Brant; Read's Simcoe; Whittlesey's Essays; Winsor's Western Movement; Wither's Border Warfare, etc.

THE MILITARY HISTORY OF OHIO, INCLUD

ING THE WAR OF 1812.

THOMAS M'ARTHUR ANDERSON.

It has been given to me to read the First Lesson, taken from the Old Testament of Ohio history.

Nearly every state had its birth in war, and Ohio like the rest had its baptism of fire. As the blood of martyrs is the seed of the Church, so the foundation of our Commonwealth was cemented with the blood of its pioneer heroes. We have no traditions of a Romulus, no record of a mailed Charlemagne as a founder. Our stalwart forefathers founded it themselves, those citizen-soldiers who came with an ax in one hand and a gun in the other to hew and fight their way to success. We have no heroworship. Yet our records tell us of

THOMAS M. ANDERSON.

the unsurpassed energy, courage, perseverance, and self-sacrificing heroism of the men and women of our pioneer period. Our early history has been told so often, that its repetition would be

As tedious as a twice-told tale,
Whispered in the dull ear of night.

I will not tax your patience with needless detail; but as history is philosophy, teaching by example, the lessons we can learn from some of its salient episodes should have for us an abiding interest.

First let me invite your attention to an object lesson.

A monument stands on the right side of the state-house at Columbus. Upon its pedestals stand the bronze statues of eight

of Ohio's sons: of Grant, Sherman, Sheridan, McPherson, Hayes, Garfield, Stanton and Chase. This monument with its heroic figures stood in front of the Ohio building at the Columbian Centennial.

"These are my jewels," was Ohio's challenge; did any state answer? Not one. Yet these men only represented one episode in her history, one brief period of four years out of her full century. Mark you; we could put another monument with eight other of her sons, who would represent all the different periods of her career. I suggest that Rufus Putnam, the Revolutionary hero, who led the first of emigrants who settled on her soil, should have the first place. Next I would place by his side a statue of Ohio's typical pioneer, Simon Kenton; then I would place our first president, William Henry Harrison, the hero of Tippecanoe. For the next pedestal I would suggest Thomas Ewing, a great lawyer and statesman, and a cabinet minister under several administrations; then Thomas Corwin, governor, senator and inspired orator. Then should come another of our presidents, McKinley, the wellbeloved, who represented American manhood in the turning-point of our history. If peace has its victories no less renowned than war, then there is a man born on Ohio's soil who deserves to stand beside her greatest. When we ask who made the lightning of Heaven our most obedient minister, there is but one answer, and Thomas Edison takes his place among the immortals.

There is one vacant pedestal: who should fill it? Tiffin, the first governor; Worthington, the first senator; MacArthur, the first Ohio general; or Massie, our first surveyor; or Morrow, or Allen, or Trimble, or Thurman, or Wade? Here we have enough to fill nine pedestals, illustrative of Ohio's fecundity in able men.

Will you note how many of the men I have mentioned in this connection were military men? Seven out of the eight who stand on the Columbus monuments, and four that I have suggested for the second. But for these men our history would have had a different reading.

I will not attempt to give even an outline of our pioneer history, yet it is important to know what kind of people they

were, and to understand the problem they had to solve, what dangers to face, and what obstacles to overcome.

What you have read about, and heard from tradition, I have seen, in my service on the frontier. I have seen the same kind of men and women, braving the same kind of danger, and enduring similar privations. I have seen them making their way into unknown regions, where there were no paths to guide them, except the buffalo trails. I have seen them crossing dangerous rivers on rafts and in bull boats. I have seen them climbing mountains, to which Mount Logan would be a mere foot-hill. I have seen a sage brush wilderness transformed by their industry into productive farms. In my western service I have seen ten territories admitted as states to the Union, thus I have witnessed the development of Ohio, reenacted under similar conditions.

It gives me pleasure, therefore, to bear witness to the worth of the pioneer; his bravery, energy, hospitality, generosity, fidelity. These were virtues common to the old pioneer and his successors of this generation. If the latter were somewhat better provided with comforts, they had in many instances to endure greater degrees of heat and cold than their predecessors of the Middle West. The Sioux and the Apache were just as merciless as the Shawanees and the Iroquois; but in fighting the Indians thirty or forty years ago we had the immense advantage of knowing that we had a rich and powerful country behind us. In spite of occasional disasters, like the Fetterman and Custer massacres, we were always sure of ultimate success.

Undoubtedly our early settlers passed through more trying ordeals. There were times when famine was a more dreaded foe than the savage, and when disease claimed more victims than war. A greater proportion were murdered by prowling Indians and renegade whites. With the first wave of immigration there comes the sewage and wreckage of civilization, the murderer, the bandit, the outlaw. The darkest pages in the history of the West tell of the outrages of these border ruffians.

These things are mentioned to call to your minds the trials our grandparents and great-grandparents experienced. The Moravian massacre was perpetrated by such barbarians. The awful immolation of the brave and chivalrous Crawford was in revenge