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THE STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION LAW.

LAWS OF 1892, CHAPTER 677.

AN ACT relating to the construction of statutes, constituting chapter one of the general laws.

APPROVED by the Governor May 18, 1892. Passed, three-fifths being present

The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows:

CHAPTER I OF THE GENERAL LAWS.

THE STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION LAW.

SECTION 1. Short title; extent of application.

2. Property.

3. Real property.

4. Personal property.

5. Person.

6. Judge.

7. Lunacy; idiocy.

8. Gender; number; tense.

9. Heretofore; hereafter; now.

10. Last; preceding; next; following.
11. Folio.

12. Writing; signature.

13. Seal.

14. Oath; affidavit; swear.

15. Acknowledge; acknowledgment.
16. Bond; undertaking.

17. Choose; elect; appoint.

18. Board composed of one person.

19. Meeting; quorum; powers of majority.

20. Service of notice upon board or body.
21. County clerk; register.

22. Village.

SECTION 23. State.

24. Public holiday; half-holiday.

25. Year.

26. Month.

27. Day; mode of computing days; night-time.

28. Standard time.

29. Civil and criminal codes.

30. Laws of England and of the colony of New York.

31. Limiting the effect of repealing statutes.

32. Existing laws included in revision not to be construed

as new enactments.

33. Effect of revision upon laws passed at same session or before revision takes effect.

34. Alterations of titles and head notes.

35. Laws repealed.

36. Time of taking effect.

SECTION 1. Short title; extent of application. This chapter shall be known as the statutory construction law, and is applicable to every statute unless its general object, or the context of the language construed, or other provisions of law indicate that a different meaning or application was intended from that required to be given by this chapter.

(New.)

§ 2. Property. The term property includes real and personal property.

Code Civ. Pro., § 3343, sub. 8.

Penal Code, § 718, sub. 9.

§ 3. Real property. The term real property includes real estate, lands, tenements and hereditaments, corporeal and incorporeal.

Code Civ. Pro., § 3343, sub. 6.

Penal Code, § 718, sub. 14.

§ 4. Personal property. This term personal property includes chattels, money, things in action, and all written instruments themselves, as distinguished from

the rights or interests to which they relate, by which any right, interest, lien or incumbrance in, to or upon property, or any debt or financial obligation is created, acknowledged, evidenced, transferred, discharged or defeated, wholly or in part, and everything, except real property, which may be the subject of ownership. The term chattels includes goods and chattels.

Code Civ. Pro., § 3343, sub. 7.

Penal Code, § 718, sub. 15.

§ 5. Person. The term person includes a corporation and a joint stock association. When used to designate a. party whose property may be the subject of any offense, the term person also includes the state, or any other state, government or country which may lawfully own property in the state.

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§ 6. Judge. The term judge includes every judicial officer authorized, alone or with others, to hold or preside over a court of record.

See Code Civ. Pro., § 3343, sub. 3, not to be repealed.

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§ 7. Lunacy; idiocy. The terms lunatic and lunacy include every kind of unsoundness of mind except idiocy. Code Civ. Pro., § 3343, sub. 15.

$ 8. Gender; number; tense.-Words of the masculine gender include the feminine and the neuter, and may refer to a corporation, or to a board or other body or assemblage of persons; and, when the sense so indicates, words of the neuter gender may refer to any gender. The term men includes boys and the term women includes girls.

Words in the sigular number include the plural, and in the plural number include the singular.

Words in the present tense include the future.

R. S., 124, L. 1828, ch. 20, § 11.
Id., 2542, L. 1878, ch. 446, § 27.
Penal Code, § 718, subs. 10–12.
Code Crim. Pro., § 955.

§ 9. Heretofore: hereafter; now.- Each of the terms, heretofore, and hereafter, in any provision of a statute, relates to the time such provision takes effect. The term now in any provision of a statute referring to other laws in force, or to persons in office, or to any facts or circumstances as existing, relates to the laws in force, or the person in office, or to the facts or circumstances, existing, respectively, immediately before the taking effect of such provision.

R. S., 124, L. 1828, ch. 20, §§ 9-11.
Code Civ. Pro., § 3343, sub. 22.

§ 10. Last; preceding; next; following.-A reference to the last or preceding section, or other provision of a statute, means the section or other division immediately preceding, and a reference to the next or following section or other division of a statute means the section or other division immediately following.

(New.)

§ 11. Folio.-A folio is one hundred words, counting as a word each figure necessarily used.

Code Civ. Pro., § 3343, sub. 24.

R. S., 2747, pt. 3, ch. 10, tit. 4, § 4.
Id.,

2780, pt. 4, ch. 2, tit. 8, § 16.

§ 12. Writing; signature. The terms writing and written include every legible representation of letters upon a material substance, except when applied to the signature of an instrument. The term signature includes

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