Saltpeter 2 oz., dried sulf. iron 3 oz. teaspoonfuls with the feed 2 or 3 times daily.

Mix. Give 2

ALUM.—Alum is an astringent. Chiefly used externally. Use a saturated solution in hot water. Applied to the shoulders of horses in the spring it toughens the skin and prevents collar-galls. Useful in healing harness-galls. One of the best lotions to apply to barb-wire cuts and other wounds of a similar nature to prevent growth of proud flesh. Sometimes dusted over the surface in the form of burnt alum; not so effective as the saturated solution. GINGER.-Dose: Horse, to I oz. Ginger stimulates the various mucous membranes with which it comes in contact. Administered internally it increases the gastric secretions, facilitates digestion, and checks formation of gas. It is a useful adjunct to many medicines and is given with tonics and stimulants. Combined with purgatives it diminishes their liability to nauseate and gripe, and also hastens their effect. It is used in all domesticated animals to fulfil those purposes, and is especially adapted to cattle and sheep.

CARBOLIC ACID.-One of the best and cheapest disinfectants known. For dressing fresh wounds it may be used in from 2 per cent to 5 per cent watery solution. In oil I part to 15. Inhalation of the vapor with steam is of great service in malignant sore throat and abscesses following strangles. Carbolic acid is a narcotic irritant poison, and considerable care must be exercised in its use, as it is liable to become absorbed and produce poisonous effects if ap plied over a large surface in a strong solution. It has been highly recommended in the treatment of hog cholera. It may be given to hogs in doses of from 1 to 5 drops well diluted.

PINE TAR.-Not much employed internally. It is a good dressing in thrush and canker of the horse's foot. It is also of special service in foot-rot in sheep. It acts as a stimulant and deodorizer to foul-smelling wounds and prevents the attacks of flies.

LIME WATER.-Lime water is prepared by slaking a small quantity of freshly burned lime with a large quantity of

water, allowing the undissolved matter to settle and pouring off the clear solution. This should be kept in tightly corked bottles. Lime water is an alkali and is used in indigestion, bloat, and diarrhoea, especially among calves. Given with the milk in the proportion of 1:5. Scalds and burns may be treated with carron oil, which is composed of lime water and linseed oil, equal parts. Fresh lime in powder and solution is used in cleansing and disinfecting stables. For this purpose a little carbolic acid may be added to the solution.

SULFUR. In large doses it is an active irritant poison. In medicinal doses it is a laxative, alterative, and stimulates secretion. Care should be taken to prevent the animal from taking cold when given sulfur. It opens the pores of the skin and stimulates perspiration. Chiefly used in treating rheumatism and chronic skin diseases. Dose: Horse,

oz. to 2 oz.

SUPPRESSION OF HOG CHOLERA AND SWINE

PLAGUE.

(CRAIG.)

CAUSES.-Hog cholera and swine plague are caused by different bacteria, but they are equally dependent for the success of their attacks on the unhealthiness of the hogs, due in most instances to unwholesome food and filthy surroundings. The causes are so similar and the symptoms are so much alike and often complicated that it will be best to consider the diseases together in what follows. The germs that cause them are easily spread over large territories by being carried by cars, wagons, or the shoes of persons that have been among infected hogs. Most frequently the origin of the outbreak may be traced to the importation of hogs from diseased districts or to spread from such centers by running streams.

SYMPTOMS.-The first symptoms usually shown in attacks of these diseases are those that indicate fever-a rise in temperature, thirst, loss of appetite, and redness of the skin on the lower part of the neck and inner side of the thigh. Usually a hog so diseased begins to cough when started

from its bed. A constipated condition of the bowels changes to diarrhoea as the disease progresses, and this results in a rapid loss of flesh. Dissection generally shows the lungs to be inflamed, the spleen enlarged, or the lining of the large intestine covered with numerous ulcers. PREVENTION.-To protect hogs from attacks of these diseases it is necessary to observe the following recommendations: The hogs should not be watered at running streams, as the germs are readily carried by these. Persons coming from infected districts should not be allowed to go near your hogs, and you should not go among your neighbors' hogs if they are sick. When other hogs are brought to your farm, assume that they are infected and keep them away from yours at least for six weeks. Observe as much cleanliness as possible in regard to food and surroundings. Feed a mixture of foods in a sloppy or soft condition, and withhold heavy grain feeding. Disinfect the quarters of the hogs by sprinkling liberally with a five per cent solution (by volume) of carbolic acid, and use a two per cent solution of the same for washing the hogs.

TREATMENT.-The hogs showing any of the symptoms described should at once be separated from the others, and put in cheaply constructed quarters, so that the latter may be burned when no longer required. The well hogs should be removed to disinfected quarters. Give all the hogs the following mixture, recommended by Dr. Salmon, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry:

This should be given in soft food in the proportion of a teaspoonful daily to a two hundred pound hog. Remove all refuse from the pens in which the infected hogs were kept, and dig out the old soil, put in fresh earth, disinfect

with carbolic acid solution, and allow the pens to remain vacant for at least six months. The same feeder should not attend the well and the sick hogs unless his shoes are changed after each visit to the sick hogs. The bodies of the dead hogs should be thrown into a rubbish heap and burned; but if this cannot be easily carried out, a long, deep trench should be dug, and when the carcases are thrown into it they should be covered with a layer of quicklime and at least six inches of earth. When the disease has spent itself or has been effaced, the entire mass in the trench should be covered with six inches of quicklime and at least six feet of earth. The place selected for the burial of the hogs should not drain towards a stream, and it would be better to fence it. The dead hogs should never be drawn over the ground, and the wagon used should be washed with a disinfectant.

During the last few years the serum treatment of swine plague and hog cholera has been introduced experimentally by the Bureau of Animal Industry of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Although the results so far obtained are very promising, further studies are required before the efficacy and practicability of the method can be considered proved. Farmers whose hogs are attacked by hog cholera, or who fear such an attack, should at once communicate with the Bureau or with the State authorities and ascertain what assistance can be had.

REMEDIES FOR THE HORN FLY.

(WEED.)

The most satisfactory way of preventing the attacks of the horn fly is to apply to the cattle some substance that serves as a repellent; the best results are obtained by the use of a cheap oil, such as fish oil or crude cotton-seed oil, to which a small amount of carbolic acid or pine tar has been added. Either of the following formulas are recommended for this purpose:

1. Crude cotton-seed oil, or fish oil, 3 parts. Pine tar, I part.

2. Crude cotton-seed oil, or fish oil, 100 parts. Crude carbolic acid, 3 parts.

In either case these substances are to be mixed, and applied rather lightly to the cattle by means of a wide paint brush, a sponge, or even a woolen cloth; the combination immediately drives off the flies, and remains on in condition to keep them off for about five days. A combination of kerosene emulsion and tobacco decoction may also be used with good effect.

LIST OF DISINFECTANTS.

(STERNBERG.)

The most useful agents for the destruction of sporecontaining infectious material are:

1. Fire.-Complete destruction by burning.

2. Steam under Pressure, 105° C. (221° F.,) for ten minutes. 3. Boiling in Water for half an hour.

4. Chlorid of Lime (should contain at least 25 per cent of available chlorin).—A 4 per cent solution.

5. Mercuric Chlorid.-A solution of 1-500.

For the destruction of infectious material which owes its infecting power to the presence of micro-organisms not containing spores, any of the following agents are recommended:

1. Fire.-Complete destruction by burning.

2. Boiling in water for ten minutes.

3. Dry Heat, 110° C. (230° F.), for two hours.

4. Chlorid of Lime.-A 2 per cent solution.

5. Solution of Chlorinated Soda (should contain at least 3 per cent of available chlorin).-A 10 per cent solution. 6. Mercuric Chlorid.—A solution of I-2000. 7. Carbolic Acid.-A 5 per cent solution. 8. Sulfate of Copper.-A 5 per cent solution. 9. Chlorid of Zinc.-A 10 per cent solution.

10. Sulfur Dioxid (this will require the combustion of between 3 and 4 lbs. of sulfur for every 1000 cubic feet of air-space).-Exposure for twelve hours to an atmosphere containing at least 4 volumes per cent of this gas, in presence of moisture.