height is seldom more than two floors, frequent storms rendering a greater elevation dangerous. Many of the houses have trees planted before them, which give a rural appearance to the town. The castle is a large pentagonal fortress, on the southeastern or inland side of the town, close to the water's edge. The colonial office possesses a fine collection of books. To the southward of the town a great number of elegant villas are scattered about, and the scenery resembles that of the rich and cultivated districts of England. Labor, house-rent, and fire-wood, constitute a large proportion of the expenses of living at Cape-Town; fruit, vegetables, and sea-fish are abundant and cheap. Horse-races, balls, masquerades, and Sunday promenades in the government gardens, form the leading amusements. Pop. 18.668.

This colony consists of the divisions called the East and West Provinces, which are separated into 13 subdivisions. The population in 1827, was 120,036, of whom 35,509 were slaves. The country was first settled by the Dutch, but in 1806, it fell into the hands of the British, and was confirmed to them at the Congress of Vienna.

7. CAFFRARIA. This country lies along the coast of the Indian Ocean, and comprehends various tribes on the Koussas, Tambookies, Hambounas, Betchuanas, Mashows, &c.

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'The Caffre nations,' says Malte Brun, inhabit a region less known than any on the globe. We there see, behind a marshy, unhealthy, but fertile coast, chains of mountains arise that have been very imperfectly examined, which appear to be in a parallel direction with the coast, that is from southwest to northeast. Our missionaries inform us, that those parts of Caffraria which they have visited, are mountainous and rich in water. The soil is argillaceous, tempered with fine sand, and very fertile. The whole surface, and even the tops of the mountains, are covered with woods, shrubs, and grass; never naked and parched, except in uncommonly dry seasons.'

The winter, which is the rainy season at the Cape, is in Caffreland the driest and most of the rain comes down by thunderstorms in the summer. The country in general is considerably elevated above the level of the sea, and much colder than, from its nearness to the tropic, might be expected. Perhaps the plentiful rains, the high mountains, and the strong electricity prevailing in the atmosphere, may be mentioned among the causes of its fertility. The thunder-storms, which are more frequent and tremendous than in Europe, exhibit also uncommon phenomena. The flashes of lightning, which in Europe diffuse a light through the air, which dazzle the eye, and disappear in a moment, here consist of a stream of distinct sparks drawn by the earth from the clouds, or from one cloud by another.

The most common animals in Caffraria are the ox and the wolf. Of the former (including bulls and cows,) the natives often possess several hundreds; and some keep above a thousand. Of the latter, there are two kinds : the first spotted; and on that account, called by the colonists, Tiger-wolf; the other is the Strand-wolf. The first is most common, and very troublesome. The lion and the buffalo are less frequent. These animals seem to be fond of each other, and commonly keep company; though the lion uses the buffalo for food. Elks grow very large: one of them affords more meat than two oxen : they are easily taken. The elephant of this country is very tall, much more so than that of India: his teeth are sometimes eight and nine feet long. There are no tame horses in Caffreland, except a very few, which are brought from the colony; but there are two sorts of wild horses, the Dau and the Kwagga: the former is more beautifully streaked than the latter. The Kwagga is an enemy to the wolf, and drives him out of the field which he inhabits. The tiger of this country is not streaked, but spotted with small brown spots. I must also mention,' says Dr Vanderkemp, an animal, the name of which is not known in the colony, as they call it the Unknown Animal.

The Hottentots call it Kamma. It is sometimes seen among a herd of elks, and is much higher than these. It was never caught nor shot, as it is, by its swiftness, unapproachable; it has the form of a horse, and is streaked; but finer than the Dau. Its step is like that of a horse. I looked upon this description as somewhat fabulous, till we came near the Teitjana, among the Boschmen: there one of our company saw an animal among some kwaggas, which he had never seen before; he said, that it was like a most beautiful horse, but much larger. The Boschmen pointed to a plain where they said these animals were found in great numbers. This one had a tail like that of a n'gau, but with a much longer bunch of hairs at the point.' This appears to be the unicorn of Campbell and others. At Mashow, a town in the territory of the Tama has, an animal of the rhinoceros kind was killed in 1821, having a horn projecting three feet from the forehead, arising about ten inches above the tip of the nose. A few inches of a small second horn, behind, did not affect its unicorn appearance. The head measured three feet from the mouth to the ear. It is at present deposited in the British Museum. There are two sorts of wild hogs. The rhinoceros with two horns, and the sea-cow, are also natives of this country. The latter has strength and courage enough to throw a rhinoceros, from the rocks down into the river. The rhinoceros, however, is the terror of the elephant, and sometimes puts many of them to flight. There is a variety of different sorts of bucks, distinguished by the names of Steinbok, Springbok, &c.

About 900 miles to the northeast of Cape-Town is New Lattakoo, situated near the source of the Krooman, a main branch of the Orange river; and 50 miles beyond that stands Old Lattakoo; each of these towns contains about 4000 inhabitants.

Campbell, in 1821, penetrated as far as Kurreechane, the capital of the Marootzes, and was favorably received. The population of this town was estimated by him at 16,000 souls. Mr Campbell saw many foundries in Kurreechane; but he regrets that they were guarded with so much jealousy that he was not allowed to enter them. Kurreechane appears to be the Staf fordshire, as well as the Birmingham, of that part of South Africa. They manufacture pottery; and, in the shape and painting of their articles, show a superior degree of taste. They appear to excel in the making of baskets; and Mr Campbell found the walls of their houses ornamented with paintings of elephants, camelopards, shields, &c.

8. INHABITANTS. The white inhabitants are Dutch, Germans, English, and a few French. There is also a considerable number of the mixed race, and there are a few thousand Malays at the Cape. The negroes are chiefly of the Hottentot, or Caffre race. The color of the Hottentots is a yel low brown, and their formation is peculiar. They have very small hands and feet; their faces are broad above, and narrowed to a point. Their cheek bones are prominent, and their lips thick. In some tribes the wool grows in little tufts, like the teeth of a shoe brush, and when suffered to grow, hangs in fringes. The Bushmen are a tribe of Hottentots, anciently separated from the rest. To European eyes the women are objects of horror, lean and gaunt, except over the hips, where all the flesh seems to be piled. A Venus drawn from the Hottentot model, would have little resemblance to that of Florence. The Hottentots smear themselves with fat and soot, and are so used to it that when washed, one seems to be without his clothes. The Caffres are of a black gray color, and like the Hottentots have a few tufts of beard on the chin. They are exceedingly well formed, hardy and active. They travel much, if for no other reason than to visit each other. The females are small, but finely formed. The Betchuanas are in form superior even to the Caffres The native tribes dress chiefly in the skins of sheep, which the Hottentots wear with the wool, generally in the form of a cloak open before. This is called a carosse. The females have a petticoat of skins or leather. The

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Caffres dress in leather, which they have the art to render very pliant. They wear many ornaments of beads, rings, carved bones, &c. The following

is a representation of the Queen of Lattakoo in full dress. The Bushmen when they have any clothing, dress like the Hottentots. Their handkerchiefs are jackal's tails tied to a handle; and with these they wipe the perspiration from their faces. The English language is now that of all official proceedings, but the Dutch is the general language in the colony. The language of the Hottentots is harsh and shrill. Their dwellings are rude, and of an elliptical form. A few poles are bent over, and skins or mats thrown over them. The entrance is low, and serves for door, window, and chimney. The Bushmen have huts still less convenient, consisting of three mats laid upon poles. The tribes which have cattle, pen them at night in the circle inclosed by the dwellings. A village is called a kraal. Any food is acceptable to Hottentots, or Bushmen. When in want of flesh, they eat roots, ants, larvæ, grass, mice and toads. They can go long without food, and when it is obtained, eat as much as the Esquimaux, without injury. The Caffres live upon flesh, milk, melons, &c. They use no salt. They eat no pork, geese, hares, or fish. The latter they suppose are a kind of serpent. All the tribes are fond of tobacco; which for the want of a better pipe, they smoke through the shank bone of a sheep. They smoke also the leaves of a kind of hemp called dacha which stupefies and intoxicates. The colonists have a profusion of articles of food, though much of their subsistence is drawn from their herds. Much brandy is consumed, which is spread over the colony by means of travelling pedlars. The wines of the Cape are some of them excellent. The Frontignac and Lavelle, are equal to those of France. The Constantia is produced from the vine of Shiraz, in Persia. Some of it is exquisite. The wines in general have a deleterious mixture of brandy. There are 150 varieties.

The mode of travelling is laborious, and slow; in the greater part of the colony there are no roads, and the colonists travel in wagons drawn by six or seven pair of oxen, with relays in attendance. They carry also sheep for provisions, for there are no inns. This can under no circumstances be called rapid travelling, except by comparison. Campbell, who was familiar with it, consoled himself with the reflection, that the pace of an ox was swift, com

pared with that of a snail or chameleon. The ox is also frequently used with a saddle; and a recent traveller expresses his surprise at seeing even in Cape Town, a Hottentot chief riding at full speed, upon a roan ox.' The Dutch colonists have been subject to much animadversion from travellers. Those who engage in agriculture are called boors, and they are as hospitable, but coarse and ignorant. They are addicted at their convivial meetings to intemperance, and the most boisterous merriment. They are however, more ignorant than depraved. The state of society at Cape-Town, has not been highly praised, but all travellers adinit that the ladies are distinguished for sweetness and affability. The Hottentots, who have been called a stupid race, seem to be so only from their oppressed condition; they are gentle and faithful, when trusted. They are filthy in their persons, and indolent in their habits, but they make good servants to the boors, who have many of them as slaves or attendants. They travel much, and one of them has been known to go 60 miles on his ox, to recover a knife of the value of 18 pence. The Bushmen have been described as the lowest grade of human nature. Campbell met a horde in which only one had a name, and he was called the Old Boy!" The Caffres are a pastoral, and at the same time a plundering people. A missionary asked one, for what he supposed men were created,' and his reply was, to go on robbing expeditions against each other.' In their huts they sit on the skulls of oxen, with the horns attached. They hold hospitality sacred. They are very kind to each other, and a whole kraal takes an inter est in accommodating a misunderstanding between individuals. They are excellent herdsmen, and the herds are made to stop at a whistle, being perfect ly trained. In their wars the women are the heralds. The Betchuanas are superior to the Caffres in intelligence, and handicrafts. They travel more than the Caffres, who, however, travel much.

Education is neglected in the settlements, though schools have been recently established. The dominant religion of the colony is the Calvinistic, and there is a church in every district. There are four Episcopal churches, and many missions under the direction of the London Missionary Society, the United Brethren, and the Wesleyan Methodists. There are a few Mohamme‐ dans at the Cape, chiefly Malays. Circumcision is generally practised among the tribes, though they give no reason for it, and have no tradition concerning it. There is among the natives some indistinct conception of a Supreme Being, but not among the pagans, any of a future state. They believe in sorcery, and witchcraft, and that disease is occasioned by sorcery. There are rainmakers, who pretend to bring rain. The Hottentots have a horror of matrimonial infidelity; and have little polygamy. This however is common with the richer class of Caffres. The general amusement is dancing, though the natives are less fond of it, and have less music than the tribes of Central Africa. The government is that of chiefs, whose authority however is very limited. The Caffres punish offences by whipping with rods, by exposure to clusters of black ants, by burning with hot stones, by inclosing the offender in the cleft of a tree, and by death inflicted by clubs, spears, or drowning.

CHAPTER XCIV.-EASTERN AFRICA.

1. BOUNDARIES, EXTENT AND DIVISIONS. Under this head we shall com prise all the African coast from the straits of Babelmandel to Caffraria. This territory is bounded north by Abyssinia and the straits of Babelmandel, east by the Indian Ocean and the Mozambique channel, south by Caffraria and west by unknown regions. It extends from 120 N. to 260 S. lat., and may

be regarded under 5 divisions: Monomotapa, Mozambique, Zanguebar, Ajan and Adel.

2. MONOMOTAPA. This district is the most southerly, and includes Sofala," Inhambane and Delagoa. It is watered by several rivers, the largest of which is the Zambeze, said by the natives to rise from a great lake. The river Delagoa falls into a large bay and is navigable 200 miles for large boats. The soil is fertile, producing rice, maize, sugar-cane and fruit. Gold abounds in the interior, and Sofala is thought to be the Ophir of the Scriptures. The inhabitants carry on a trade in ivory, gold dust, and gums. The slave trade was formerly carried on here largely by the Portuguese and has not yet entirely ceased. The country is inhabited by various tribes, and the right by discovery to the whole territory is claimed by the Portuguese.

3. MOZAMBIQUE. This district lies to the north of Monomotapa, and is traversed by the Lupata mountains, but its interior, as may be said of all the territory described in this chapter, is very little known. The city of Mozambique is the Emporium of Eastern Africa, and was rich and flourishing long before the appearance of Europeans in these parts. It has a good harbor, and is still visited by European ships, but the immense slave trade upon which it depended for its support has declined, and it now affords hardly any articles of commerce. Here are some manufactures of rope from the fibres of the palm tree. There is also a little trade in gold dust. The shoals in the neighborhood of the city afford a vast variety of beautiful shells. The inhabitants are Moors.

4. ZANGUEBAR. This territory adjoins the preceding. The coast is low, marshy and unhealthy, and produces all the tropical fruits and vegetables of Africa. It has many fine harbors. Mombassa and Melinda are the chief

towns upon the coast. The latter was once in possession of the Portuguese. The inhabitants are a mixture of Mohammedans and Pagans. They carry on a trade in gold, ivory, slaves, drugs, gum-copal, wax, and ostrich feathers. 5. INHABITANTS. Of the people on the coast northeastward from the Cape of Good Hope, little is known. The inconsiderable European commerce that is held with them is carried on by the Portuguese. In Botongo the king is called grand sorcerer and grand robber, and he is constantly attended by four hundred executioners. A better custom exists in four ministers who yearly traverse the kingdom, one representing in eastern allegory the person of the monarch, a second his eyes, a third his mouth, and a fourth his ears. The Mohammedan religion and the Arabic language are common on the coast. The people of Monomotapa are as little known to Europeans as they were in the 16th century. They go nearly naked, and are credulous in charms and conjurations. The king as in Ashantee is said to have a guard of armed females. In Zanguebar the sovereign assumes the title of 'Son of the Supreme Lord.' goes to war with 300,000 troops mounted on oxen. The people are said to live without a settled religion, or law. Each one has some different object of worship.

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There are few fruits or vegetables, and millet forms the principal article of food. There are numbers of the Moorish inhabitants. In Magadoxo, the king and principal people only are dressed; the common people go nearly naked. The king except on journeys has neither court nor guards, and no one salutes him. The ashes of the kings and queens are collected in urns of gold. Criminals are despatched with a club or exposed to wild beasts.

6. AJAN AND ADEL. These countries extend from Zanguebar to Cape Guardefan and Abyssinia. They are little known. The country is divided into a number of petty states, and the inhabitants are Mohammedans. Adel was once subject to Abyssinia. The inhabitants rear great numbers of cattle, and trade in slaves, gold, silver, ivory, oil, frankincense and pepper.

The inhabitants of the coast of Adel are called Berberes by the Arabians. They have an olive complexion and long hair. They do not in the least re