11. DRESS. The materials are generally the skins of animals, though the Laplanders who have permanent habitations, wear in summer, woolen stuffs, and shirts, which the wandering inhabitants have not. The men wear a conical cap, and in hunting, a hood, covering the breast and shoulders, and with only a small opening for the eyes. They rarely wear any covering round their necks, which are exposed in the severest weather, or defended only by a piece of narrow cloth, going once round. They wear a tunic or short coat of sheep-skin, with the wool inwards, and close before except on the breast. Over this, which is worn next the skin, is a similar garment of woolen, or skins, with a stiff collar. The Laplander has no pocket, but hangs a small bag at his breast, in which he puts his little implements. The gloves are of skins, and lined with cypress grass. There are no stockings, and the pantaloons do not reach to the ancle. Instead of stockings, straw and rushes are stuffed into the shoe, around the foot and ancle. The men wear leathern belts. The dress of the women is not very dissimilar to that of the men. At night, even when the cold is most intense, the mountain Laplanders go to bed naked, and cover themselves with their dress and skins. They put their feet within a bag.

12. LANGUAGE. The language is entirely distinct from any other, except the Finnic, to which it has some analogy.

13. MANNER OF BUILDING. The Laplanders live in huts, or, in summer, in tents. The huts are so small, that the people cannot stand upright, except in the centre. They are built of sods and stone, and covered with bushes, turf, and earth. The subjoined cut is a representation of the church at

Koutokeino. The household furniture consists in iron or copper kettles, and wooden cups, bowls, and spoons. Some of the wealthy have tin, and even

silver basins.

14. FOOD AND DRINK. The reindeer supplies the chief articles of food, though something is obtained by fishing and hunting. In summer the reindeer's milk is boiled with sorrel to a consistence, and is thus preserved; in winter it is kept frozen in the paunch of a reindeer, and mixed with cranberries. It is broken up with a hatchet. When cheese is made, the milk is mixed with water; otherwise it is too rich to curdle. The rennet is the sound of the codfish. In winter, the mountain Laplanders slaughter one or two reindeers weekly, according to the numbers of a family. The marrow is boiled out, as a present for the missionary. On the sea coast, there is some beef and mutton; besides which, the Laplanders eat all flesh except that of swine; but pork is to them an abomination. Little bread is used; but the inner bark of the fir tree, and the roots and leaves of the herb angelica,

are eaten with avidity. The great luxury of a Laplander is tobacco: and he will even chew strips of the bag, or chips of the cask, that has held it. Brandy is indeed a great favorite with the people, but it is too scarce for any, but for occasional indulgence. The office of cook in all its branches is filled by men, and in this the women never interfere.

Chil

15. DISEASES. The only epidemic is a colic, attended with spasms, but it is not fatal; chronic disorders, fevers, and dysenteries are unknown. blains are frequent, but in general the Laplanders are free from disease. 16. TRAVELLING. The Laplanders travel on sledges, drawn by the reindeer as before described. In descending hills, in winter, long skates are With these the Laplanders descend the steep mountains so swiftly, that

worn.

the air whistles in their ears, and their hair becomes erect with the downward motion.

17. CHARACTER, MANNERS, AND CUSTOMS. In Lapland, society exists in its primitive elements: men live in a state differing from that of highly civilized countries; there are no crimes, and there is a perfect security of property. The settlements are not near to each other; and whoever erects a hut without the limits of another, becomes possessed of the land for six miles around. There is no temptation to commit the crimes of violence or fraud, that are so common in other countries, and a lock as a security to property is unknown in Lapland. The Laplanders are gentle and hospitable, and like the Esquimaux, they have the greatest aversion to war. A Laplander has never been known as a soldier. They resist all inducements to leave their country. They are not without sensitive feelings, and are known to weep from sympathy and compassion.

18. AMUSEMENTS. The Laplanders are expert wrestlers, and they have several athletic sports. They throw javelins at a mark, leap over sticks held by two persons, &c. They have the game of fox and geese, which is in great

request.

19. RELIGION. The Laplanders have renounced their pagan creed, though some of its rites and superstitions remain. They attend to the instructions of the missionaries with great attention and seriousness. They never use profane language, and they observe the Sabbath strictly. In 1738, the bible was translated into their language, and there are now Lutheran hymn-books, tracts, &c. Since the first translation of the bible, a second and third have been made. There are twentythree churches, and seven schools, chiefly under the care of the missionaries.

Marriages and funerals are not conducted with much ceremony. The

family and friends of a young man, go in a body to solicit, in courtship for him, and presents are made. Should the parents of the female retract their

consent, the presents are restored, and even the brandy that was drank, is replaced.

The Laplanders make professions of sorcery, and the females sometimes are distinguished as witches. Their mode of divination is with the Runic drum, and by a system of omens. The pagan superstitions are, however, gradually becoming extinct.

20. DIVISIONS. Lapland is divided between Sweden and Russia. Swedish Lapland occupies the southern quarter of this country, and is divided into four lapmarks, or provinces: Russian Lapland forms the eastern part and is included in the government of Archangel; Norwegian Lapland extends the whole length of the Severnoi, on their northern side, and forms the province of Finmark. A large portion of the Laplanders are practically under no government whatever.

1. BOUNDARIES AND EXTENT. Finland is bounded north by Lapland, east by Russia, south by the Gulf of Finland, and west by the Gulf of Bothnia. It lies between 220 and 320 E. lon., and extends south to lat. 60°; the northern limit is not very distinct. It contains 135,600 square miles.

2. MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, AND LAKES. A tract of table land in the interior, extends in a declivity toward the shore of the Gulf of Bothnia. There are other ranges in the eastern parts, but they have not been explored. The country is intersected by an immense number of lakes, giving rise to many rivers, but none of them are of great length, and the shallows, and cataracts which they contain, render them useless for navigation. The Payana, or Peaceable lake, in the central part of the country, is 72 miles long, and 13 broad. The lake of Saimer, in the eastern part, is 250 miles long, and 22 broad, and is crowded with islands. It communicates with lake Ladoga, by the river Woxa, which falls over 6 cataracts. The coasts are rocky, and strewn with small islands, separated by narrow and intricate channels.

3. CLIMATE. In the north, the climate resembles that of Lapland. In the south the thermometer seldom falls so low as 250 below zero; and the crops are exposed in summer to excessive droughts.

4. SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS. The soil is more productive than might be

body to sol

nts of the fa

inferred from the geographical position of the country. It is for the most part a vegetable mould, and exceedingly moist. Forests similar to those of Sweden and Lapland are abundant. Iron was formerly produced here, but no mines are worked at present. The country furnishes great quantities of nitre.

5. FACE OF THE COUNTRY. The northern part is hilly. The eastern part is covered with sand hills and rocks, and intersected by marshes, lakes and rivers, which diffuse cold and unwholesome mists.

and so

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6. DIVISIONS AND TOWNS. Finland is divided into 12 circles. Kexholm, Friedrichshaw, Lerdobol, Viburg, Vilmarstrand, Neuschlot, Kymmenegard, Tavastehuas, Abo, Kuopio, Vasa and Uleaborg. Helsingfors, the capital, is situated on the Gulf of Finland, and has a good harbor and considerable commerce. The university has been removed to this place from Abo, since the destruction of the latter place by fire.

Abo, at the entrance of the gulf of Bothnia, was formerly the capital. It was one of the most agreeable towns in the country, and had manufactures of silk and woolen, ship-building and sugar refineries, with a pop. of 12,000; but it was almost totally consumed by fire in 1827.

7. INHABITANTS. The Finlanders are of small stature, light complexions, and fair hair, worn uncombed down each side of the face; they are sharp fea

tured, and generally without any apparent beard. The appearance of one differs little from that of another. They wear woolen kaftans, short to the knee, with

1

family and friends of a young man, go in a body to solicit, in courtship for him, and presents are made. Should the parents of the female retract their

consent, the presents are restored, and even the brandy that was drank, is replaced.

The Laplanders make professions of sorcery, and the females sometimes are distinguished as witches. Their mode of divination is with the Runic drum, and by a system of omens. The pagan superstitions are, however, gradually becoming extinct.

20. DIVISIONS. Lapland is divided between Sweden and Russia. Swedish Lapland occupies the southern quarter of this country, and is divided into four lapmarks, or provinces: Russian Lapland forms the eastern part and is included in the government of Archangel; Norwegian Lapland extends the whole length of the Severnoi, on their northern side, and forms the province of Finmark. A large portion of the Laplanders are practically under no government whatever.

1. BOUNDARIES AND EXTENT. Finland is bounded north by Lapland, east by Russia, south by the Gulf of Finland, and west by the Gulf of Bothnia. It lies between 220 and 320 E. lon., and extends south to lat. 60°; the northern limit is not very distinct. It contains 135,600 square miles.

2. MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, AND LAKES. A tract of table land in the inte rior, extends in a declivity toward the shore of the Gulf of Bothnia. There are other ranges in the eastern parts, but they have not been explored. The country is intersected by an immense number of lakes, giving rise to many rivers, but none of them are of great length, and the shallows, and cataracts which they contain, render them useless for navigation. The Payance, or Peaceable lake, in the central part of the country, is 72 miles long, and 13 broad. The lake of Saimer, in the eastern part, is 250 miles long, and 22 broad, and is crowded with islands. It communicates with lake Ladoga, by the river Woxa, which falls over 6 cataracts. The coasts are rocky, and strewn with small islands, separated by narrow and intricate channels.

3. CLIMATE. In the north, the climate resembles that of Lapland. In the south the thermometer seldom falls so low as 250 below zero; and the crops are exposed in summer to excessive droughts.

4. SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS. The soil is more productive than might be