What first moved condescending love to create a World as an object for itself? What, indeed, but the same love? Why then must it not have eternally gone forth, and why must not creation, therefore, have been eternal,-as the author blames Rothe for affirming? Creation, accordingly, is to be regarded as a fact and not as "an immanent productivity of the Divine Nature" (p. 24). And yet we are assured in another connection (p. 129) that "nothing was antecedent to creative love." Surely no "Thing" was thus antecedent. But was the primary Divine love which God is, antecedent to the condescending love which is creative love? And if so, why did this primary love at length, after so many countless ages of exercise restricted within the immanent Trinity, at the last become creative love?

As to the Atonement we are told (p. 128) that Redeeming love is greater than the creative, because "God as the Redeemer conquers the contradiction of Himself (Heb. xii. 3), the enmity of sin, by this Divine love of his enemies, or grace. This is well said. But with respect to the Incarnation, Sartorius seems to dissent from all realistic views. The only union (unio hypostatica) of the Divine and human natures in Christ is a loving union of Godhood and manhood in the oneness of his "personal consciousness" (p. 135).

Passing over all that lies between, we find the author maintaining that in the final judgment we reach the summit of the long struggle between Divine love and its opposite. "All living spirits and all resurrection germs will (then) be quickened to new and spiritual developments and formations" (p. 364). It is the scene of eternal separation and decision. Sentence will then be passed on all "unreconciled, unconverted, obdurate sinners" (p. 369). Its justifying reason lies chiefly in an "obstinate and proud rejection of Divine grace" (p. 371). There is no doubt whatever that on this point Sartorius defines the "orthodox" doctrine of the Church Catholic, rather than those who have knowingly (?) stated this doctrine as being, that "all who die impenitent suffer conscious everlasting torments."

On the whole, this work of Sartorius has considerable interest and value. But its dry and rather narrow treatment of the topics discussed, its quite complete disregard of almost everything more modern than the Augsburg Confession on the subject of philosophical ethics, its lack of sympathy with the "natural man" and with the Divine discipline of humanity in anticipation of and

preparation for Christian morals, its gleams of ecclesiastical heat over confessional divergences, detract from both its interest and its value. It furnishes, indeed, new occasion for readers of theol ogy to thank the publishing firms who have done so much for them. But it is the least valuable of the four (the other three being Martensen, Harless, Wutke) foreign books on Christian Ethics, brought forward by T. & T. Clark.

THE DISCOVERIES OF AMERICA.*-This is a book which will be read with pleasure and profit by students of history and the general public. Mr. Weise has collected the most entertaining accounts of early voyages to this continent; reduced these to order and due proportion by judicious pruning; completed the outline by explanation, criticism, and the reproduction of rare maps. The story is full and vivid, yet not too long. It is a story of inexhaustible interest. Surely there is no other chapter of universal history which has such power to stimulate the imagination. While one is reading the story of those earlier adventurers, there seems infinite possibility of material well-being still. The globe has not yet been circumnavigated, nor has any economist as yet pointed out the consequences of limitation. So it is that the voyage of Magalhaens (1519-1522) seems the crowning disappointment of history,-for this "proved limitation." We think it proper to say that the first twenty-one pages of Mr. Weise's book do not seem worthy of their position. They contain much that is suggestive and entertaining, but they do not fairly represent the truth-seeking spirit which appears in subsequent portions of the work. We caution the reader to suspend judgment until at least all of the first chapter has been thoroughly examined. Especially pp. 25-41 contain a fine specimen of readable criticism. The question therein discussed is stated as follows: "Among the traditions preserved of the voyages of the Northmen in the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth centuries, there are several that have caused considerable controversy respecting the historical and geographical value of the information contained in them; for a number of eminent writers have made use of this information to show that the Northmen were the first discoverers of America and the explorers of a large part of the eastern coast of the continent . . . . Other distinguished writers consider these traditions as too mythical and vague to be deemed valuable,

*The Discoveries of America to the year 1525. By ARTHUR JAMES WEISE, M.A. G. P. Putnam's Sons. New York. 1884.

either historically or geographically, and argue that what is thought to describe the physical features in productions of parts of the present territory of the eastern coast of the United States describes the topography and fruits of Greenland" (p. 25). The conclusion is stated (p. 41): "No geographical information contained in the sagas of Iceland and Greenland verifies the statement that the Northmen discovered America and explored the coast of a part of the present territory of the United States."

LIFE AND LABOUR IN THE FAR, FAR WEST.*-The author is an English country gentleman who has visited the far, far West and examined the relative value of the various localities as fields for colonization by the English agricultural class. His observations are intelligent and presented in a fairly attractive form. Some of his comments upon men and manners will be appreciated. In a description of travel in America, we notice: "Each car, or number of cars, has a conductor and porter; each separate Pullman has both officials. They invariably bang the doors with a louder crash than anyone else on entering or leaving the car." It is pleasant to notice the hearty good feeling which appears in the following acknowledgment: "I think there is no one in the world so hospitable and kind as the American gentleman: whether in the Eastern or Western States, it is just the same-the same courtesy and kindness, the same readiness to be of any help or service to the stranger, who is fortunate enough to be possessed of an introduction to him, always distinguish him." There is an agreeable touch of humor in the following: "The next morning (June 11) I was up at 5 A. M., and indulged in a wash in a basin in the lavatory, which rather surprised a Californian who came in and found me making the best of my time, with nothing on but a pair of trousers tucked up to the knees. After a good stare he said 'Good morning,' to which I responded, Good morning, but hot,' which terminated the conversation." British Columbia is highly commended, especially for its climate and unequalled scenery. In that connection, however, Mr. Barneby observes: "I do not think that British Columbia is making nearly such rapid progress as Washington Territory, which has a very similar climate; at

·

* Life and Labour in the far, far West: Being Notes of a Tour in the Western States, British Columbia, Manitoba, and the Northwest Territory. By W. HENRY BARNEBY. With specially prepared map, showing the Author's route. Cassell & Co., Limited, New York. 1884.

any rate many emigrants, having come out to the former, soon pass over the Sound into the States." The Northwest territory seems to have made a less favorable impression. Reckless and unscientific farming is the rule and the winters are long and severe. This extreme cold, however, works advantage to the farmer in rather a surprising way. The soil remains frozen quite hard several feet below the surface even as late as the end of July. "This is believed to explain the wonderful fertility of the soil; as the frost, in gradually coming to the surface during the summer months, creates a moisture which, meeting the warmth from above, forms a kind of natural hot-bed. This moisture counteracts the scarcity of rain during the spring and summer, and accounts for the grain being forced with such amazing rapidity after the late sowing; for in point of fact, corn crops are not usually sown until early in May and yet are harvested at the end of August. (p. 242).

THE HOLLANDERS IN NOVA ZEMBLA.*-" De Overwintering der Hollanders op Nova Zembla," by Tollens, is spoken of as the chef d'œuvre of Dutch poesy. It celebrates an adventurous voyage in search of the Northeast passage, undertaken at a time to which no Hollander can refer without enthusiasm. The poem recalls the struggle for freedom and the infancy of the Dutch navy. Consistently with this inspiration, its tone is patriotic throughout. Unsupported by the sentiment of patriotism, the "Overwintering" would never have become widely known. The English translation offered by Mr. Van Pelt is quite spirited, but it is not poetry. Such lines as

"By hardest toil or violent exercise,

Freezing the chill sweat over all their frame,"

are far from pleasant to the ear.

"The bold design progresses step by step,

And soon two ships with dapper crews are theirs."

Dapper, in the sense of brave, is surely no longer English. However, we will not add to the already sufficient commentary contained in the volume itself. Of 120 pages, nearly one-half are taken up with prefaces, historical introduction, and notes.

* The Hollanders in Nova Zembla (1596–1597). An Arctic Poem. Translated from the Dutch of Hendrik Tollens. by Daniel Van Pelt, A.M. With a Preface and an Historical Introduction, by Samuel Richard Van Campen, F.R.G.S. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1884.

THE ART AMATEUR for November contains "Lessons in Wood Engraving," "The Art of Embroidery," "How to Paint on China," "Materials for Oil Painting," and an article on "Working Art Clubs," of special value to everyone desirous of selfimprovement. The large array of designs embraces decorations for a cup and saucer (snowdrop), six butter plates (various flowers), a menu frame (honeysuckle), a tea cosy (jasmine), an altar front (sixteenth century Spanish work), a figure panel for painting, four panels of carved wood, a page of butterflies, and a variety of designs for industrial art work. Among the more striking illustrations are two spirited groups of nymphs and cupids by Solon, in pâte-sûr-pâte decoration, "Love Set Free," and "Love's Mastery;" two full-page fac-similes of etchings by A. Legros, "Sir Frederick Leighton," and "Death and the Woodman;" some bold figure studies by Joseph de Nittis, and a carved hanging cabinet designed by Benn Pitman, of Cincinnati. "The Modern Home" series is concluded with articles on "The Bedroom," by Roger Riordan and Clarence Cook. The Art Amateur announces the early issue of three designs in color by Miss Dora Wheeler, viz: a decorative figure composition; a fan with cupids; and a charming decorative head of a child for a plaque. Price per annum, $4; single numbers, 35 cents. Montague Marks, Publisher, 23 Union Square, New York.

MAGAZINE OF ART.-The frontispiece of the November number is from Mr. F. A. Bridgeman's last salon picture, "The Bath at Home, Cairo." This picture accompanies an article on "The American Salon." Mr. Richard Heath continues his entertaining and amusing papers on "Head-gear in the Fifteenth Century," with their droll cuts, and in an entirely opposite style Mr. J. Penderel Brodhurst describes the delights of a day "By Stream and Chase." A page illustration is devoted to Glindoni's Prince Henry before Judge Gascoigne. Jane E. Harrison discusses Greek Art at Cambridge. A very interesting paper on "Early English Painters" is contributed by Edmund Ollier, and Eustace Balfour discusses "French Furniture." Each one of these papers i illustrated with numerous engravings, some of them from nature, others from rare prints and notable paintings. A complete record of the art news of the month, both in Europe and America, will be found in the Magazine. Price, 83.50 a year; single numbers, 35 cents. Cassell & Company, Limited, New York.