35. Charles Calvert Appointed Governor; Death of Cecilius, and Character of His Successor.

Overproduction of tobacco; the proprietary fails in his effort to relieve
the situation by circulating coin.

Death of Cecilius Calvert; his high character.
Character of Charles Calvert, second proprietary.

36. Loss of Territory.

The Swedes and Dutch in Maryland.

The Dutch colonies seized by the Duke of York.
William Penn and his schemes.

He succeeds in depriving Maryland of much valuable territory.

37. Affairs in England.

James II is deposed, and succeeded by William and Mary.

38. The Difficult Position of the Second Proprietary; Fear and Hatred of the Catholics.

What made Lord Baltimore's position difficult?

Absurd charges against the Catholics believed by the people.

His religion the most serious difficulty of Lord Baltimore.

39. Other Causes of Discontent.

Members of the Calvert family hold the chief offices.

Controversies between the two houses of Assembly.

40. Murder of the King's Collectors.

Ill feeling between the collectors and Maryland government.
The murder of Collector Rousby.

Effects of the murder of the king's collectors.

41. The Protestant Revolution (1689), by which Maryland Became a Royal Province.

Why were not William and Mary proclaimed?

Formation of the Protestant Association.

Who was president of the Association, and what was his character?

With what success did the rebellion meet?

Mention the probable causes of the Protestant Revolution.

What was the effect of the revolution on the position of Lord Baltimore?

42. The Royal Government; Religious Intolerance and the Established Church. The Protestant Episcopal Church established, and everybody taxed for its support. Persecution of the Catholics.

43. Removal of the Capital to Annapolis; King William's School.
Francis Nicholson appointed governor.

He removes the capital to Annapolis and founds there King William's
School.

The fate of St. Mary's.

44. The Province Restored to the Calverts.

How was Maryland restored to the Calverts?

Death of Charles Calvert and succession of Benedict Leonard.
Succession of Charles, fifth baron and fourth proprietary.

45. State of Society; Manners, Customs, and Character of the People.
Show how the physical geography of Maryland affected the life of the
people.

What was the chief occupation of the people?

How did the planters sell their tobacco and obtain their supplies?

Describe the houses of this period.

Tell what you can about the food of the people.

Describe the money in use.

Tell about the different kinds of servants held.

Generally speaking, what was the character of the Maryland people at the end of the seventeenth century?

QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH

1. How many of the functions of government were united in the governor's council? Show how the powers of the proprietary were dangerously large. Name the particulars in which you think the form of government in Maryland in 1658 was good, and those in which it was bad, and give reasons for your opinion.

2. What fact is shown by the prompt collapse of Fendall's rebellion? 3. Find the meaning of "nepotism." Is it a fault?

Was Charles Calvert's'

policy in this respect right? Was it wise? Are Quakers excused from taking oaths at the present time? What did the contests between the houses of Assembly show about the spirit of the people?

4. Explain as fully as you can the causes of the Protestant Revolution. What just cases of complaint were there against the proprietary government? What charges were groundless?

Compare the condition of the people under the royal government with their condition under the proprietary; was the change to their advantage?

REFERENCES

Browne's Maryland, pp. 90–202. Browne's Calverts, pp. 160-175. Fiske's Old Virginia and Her Neighbors, Vol. II., pp. 139-169. Sparks' Causes of the Maryland Revolution of 1689 (Johns Hopkins University Studies in History and Politics, Fourteenth Series, xi-xii). Mereness' Maryland as a Proprietary Province see index for topics desired.

CHAPTER V

THE PROVINCE BECOMES AN INDEPENDENT STATE

46. Effects of the Royal Government. The royal government had now come to an end, and the control was again in the hands of Calvert, but you are not to suppose that the proprietary government after its restoration was like the rule of Cecilius or Charles. In name it was identical, and constitutionally it was the same, but conditions had changed vastly, and in reality the character of the proprietary government had changed with them. Religious toleration was not restored, and the people were still taxed for the support of the Episcopal church. The new proprietary was a Protestant, dependent upon the favor of a Protestant king, and there was thus no great religious barrier between him and the majority of his people. The colonists were no longer divided into classes, friendly and unfriendly to the proprietary, and the change was in many respects merely a change in name. The revolution of 1689 had given a new character to Maryland history, and it was a change that had come to stay for the life of the province.

One of the last acts of the royal government was also one of the best. The laws of the province, many of which had been enacted for limited times, while alterations and amendments had frequently taken place, had fallen into great confusion. By the Assembly of 1715 a complete revision was made, and a copy of the body of laws thus made sent to each county. So well was this work done that it laid the foundations of legislation that has lasted almost to the present day.

47. Demanding the Privileges of Englishmen; the Founding of Baltimore; Coming of the Germans. The rule of the fourth proprietary was, on the whole, mild and just. The royal governor, Hart, was continued in office for a time. He was succeeded in turn by Charles Calvert, probably a relative of the proprietary, and Benedict Leonard Calvert, brother of the proprietary. The latter was succeeded, on his resignation in 1731, by Samuel Ogle. Lord Baltimore was present and governed personally from December, 1732, to June, 1733. The period was one of peace and prosperity, but was marked by struggles between the two houses of Assembly, the lower house jealously guarding the rights and liberties of the people. Highly significant was the determined stand made by the people and their representatives in Maryland for all the rights and privileges of the people of England, in particular their contention that Maryland was entitled to the benefit of the common and statute law of England. This was undoubtedly one of the far-off beginnings of the American Revolution.

The most important event of this period was the founding of the city of Baltimore. The slow growth of towns in the early times has already been mentioned. The Assembly found it useless to lay off towns and invest them with privileges; people would not buy the lots and build houses, and so there were no towns. For ninety years the only real towns of the province were St. Mary's and Annapolis. Joppa, on the Gunpowder river, flourished for fifty years, and then dwindled away to "a solitary house and a grass-grown graveyard." Baltimore's success was Joppa's ruin. Three towns named Baltimore are mentioned before the founding of Baltimore on the Patapsco. There was a Baltimore on the Bush river, Baltimore county, in 1683; another in Dorchester county, in 1693; and a third in St. Mary's county.