4. Is it right to try to force others to believe as we do? Give reasons for your answer. Is it right to try to persuade them?

5. What is a charter? Are charters ever used for other purposes than to fix the form of a government? Discuss the relative merits of the three forms of colonial government. What corresponds to the charter in the present government of Maryland ?

REFERENCES

Browne's Maryland, pp. 1-20. Browne's Calverts, pp. 1-38. Fiske's Old Virginia and Her Neighbors, Vol. I., pp. 255-271 and 275-285. Gambrall's Early Maryland, pp. 9–60. Mereness' Maryland as a Proprietary Province — see index for topics desired.

CHAPTER II

THE SETTLEMENT OF MARYLAND

10. Character and Plans of the Second Lord Baltimore. Cecilius Calvert was a worthy successor of his father. Wise, just, and moderate, and possessed of great patience and unfailing tact, he was eminently qualified for the important and difficult enterprise which his father left him. Of his private life and plans we know little, but we are justified in supposing that, in founding the

Baltimore

1729

St.Mary 1634

Jamestown 1607

LANTIC

A N

new colony, it was a part of his plan to create a refuge for the persecuted members of his own church. He also sought, for himself and his family, financial gain and the dignity and power of governing a province.

Now that Lord Baltimore had secured his charter, he was free to proceed with the work of founding a colony. It was his intention to accompany the early settlers himself, and to share with them the dangers and hardships of the enterprise; but Maryland was destined to suffer a long period of opposition and peril, and the proprietary found it necessary to remain in England to protect the interests of his infant colony. He never visited Maryland. The members of the old Virginia Company, who seem to have entertained some hopes of regaining their lost privileges, became his bitter enemies. It was not until after much opposition and many unpleasant experiences that the proprietary was able to send out his first colony.

11. The First Colonists; Lord Baltimore's Policy of Religious Toleration. The proprietary said in reference to the first band of colonists that sailed to Maryland: "There are two of my brothers gone, with very near twenty other gentlemen of very good fashion, and three hundred labouring men well provided in all things." His brother Leonard was in command of the expedition and became the first governor of Maryland. Two Catholic priests were in the company also, and one of them, Father Andrew White, wrote a narrative of the voyage.

How many of this interesting company were Catholics and how many were Protestants is a matter of uncertainty. Lord Baltimore's brothers were Catholics and probably the twenty gentlemen associated with them were Catholics also, while most of the other colonists were Protestants. This brings us to a consideration of religious freedom in Maryland, which prevailed from the start. Cecilius Calvert, as has already been said, doubtless meant to establish a retreat for persecuted Catholics. But it will be evident, if you remember the times that we are studying, that to found a purely Catholic colony, in which no other denomination was allowed, was not possible, for such a storm would immediately have been raised in England as would inevitably have cut off the colony in its infancy. This fact is so plain as to have led some writers to withhold from Cecilius due credit for his policy of toleration. He permitted freedom of worship to all sects of Christians under many different circumstances, and when his government was temporarily overthrown, freedom of worship ceased also, but was again restored with the rule of the proprietary, All that we know of his life and character shows him to have been a man of tolerant principles-broad-minded, just, liberal, and wise. And Maryland has the honor, through Cecilius Calvert, of being the first colony in America, as well as one of the first places in the world, where freedom of worship was permitted.

12. The Voyage to Maryland; the First Landing. After many difficulties, our colonists reached the Isle of Wight, and from here, on a November day of 1633, they set sail in two small vessels, the Ark and the Dove, and stood out to sea before a steady breeze from the east. After a stormy voyage, in the course of which they stopped in the West Indies, the expedition arrived at

Chancellor's Point, the First Landing-place for the Settlement of St. Mary's
From a photograph

Virginia, where a letter from the king procured them a friendly reception. From here they sailed for the Potomac river.

Near the mouth of the river they found a lovely little island, thickly wooded and dotted with early spring flowers, which they named St. Clement's. It is now called Blakistone's Island. Here they landed, and with solemn religious ceremonies set up a large wooden cross, about which Catholic and Protestant knelt together March 25, 1634.1

To what sort of country had our colonists come? Anxiously indeed must they have looked for

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1 March 25 is now celebrated with appropriate exercises in the schools of the state as "Maryland Day."

ward to the time which had now arrived. They had given up their homes, and had left their native land for a widely different one a highly civilized country for a wilderness, through which the wild beasts roamed at will and more savage men wandered unrestrained. After such anxiety, then, they must have beheld their new home, as they sailed along to the first landing-place, with feelings of intense relief and pleasure, for it was truly a noble country to which they had come.

Nothing small or mean greeted the eye. There was the magnificent expanse of the Chesapeake bay; there was the beautiful Potomac, beside which, Father White said, the Thames was but a rivulet; there were mighty forests stretching as far as the eye could reach, unchoked by briers, and containing "strange and beautiful trees "; there were banks and groves dotted with the early flowers of spring; there were myriads of water-fowl and flocks of wild turkeys; there were

Catholics settling Maryland

From a drawing by Charles Copeland, based upon contemporary sources

new and wonderful birds, the jay with his coat of blue, the tanager in his feathers of scarlet, and strangest of all, the oriole in a dress of black and gold, the Baltimore colors; - and this was Maryland. We may easily believe that the brave little band was filled with hope at the sight.