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As regards literature, conditions were about the same. A few standard English books could be found, and occasionally political

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pamphlets were printed and read, while the wealthier planters usually had good libraries, and sometimes large ones.

paper called The Maryland Gazette was founded at Annapolis in 1727; it was soon discontinued, but was revived in 1745 by Jonas Green, and thereafter prospered. The Gazette claimed to publish "the freshest Advices Foreign and Domestic." These "freshest Advices" were two months old

Staircase, Carvel House

From a photograph

A news

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from New York and Boston, five months old from London and Paris, and six months old from Constantinople. Pretty stale

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From a photograph of the original in possession of the Maryland Historical Society

news, we of to-day are apt to think, but this was before the day of the railroad and the telegraph.

In spite of their meager resources in these respects, and some questionable amusements, the people of Maryland were industrious, shrewd, sensible, and intelligent, while, generally speaking, their morals were good. They must always be judged by the standards of their own time; our most revered statesmen of that time saw no harm in moderate gambling and what would now be considered excessive drinking. They were a generous, hospitable, courteous people, liberal-minded, but strongly independent and jealous of their rights and privileges as Englishmen. Most of their faults grew out of the peculiar conditions under which they lived, or were the common vices of the times. On the whole, we may justly be proud of them.

TOPICS AND QUESTIONS

62. Introduction.

Life in the South and in the North.

Maryland and Virginia compared.

63. Industries and Professions.

Maryland chiefly agricultural; tobacco the staple crop.
Method of cultivating the land.

Growth of towns in later days of the province.

The growing importance of Baltimore.

Mining industries.

Character of the lawyers.

Character of some of the clergymen, and the causes.

64. Homes: Houses and Plantations.

Describe the "great house” of the planter.

Describe the dishes, fuel, and lights.

How were guests received?

Describe the exterior of the house, its grounds, etc.

Tell about the outbuildings.

What was the condition of the slaves?

65. Society: Dress, Manners, and Amusements.

Describe the dress of a fashionable gentleman. Of a lady. Of the poor planters. Of mechanics and laborers.

For what were the women of Maryland distinguished?
Describe the chief amusements.

For what was Annapolis noted?

Describe the manners of the people.

66. Education and Literature; Character of the People.
Describe the educational condition of the colony.

What literature was read? Tell about The Maryland Gazette.
Describe fully the character of the people.

QUESTIONS FOR ORIGINAL THOUGHT AND RESEARCH

1. Find out, if you can, some particulars in which life at the North differed from life at the South, and the reasons for the difference. What differences exist between the two sections at present?

2. Compare the industries of Marylanders of to-day with those of the colonial period. Name some improved agricultural implements now in use. Name some of the important cities and towns of the present day in Maryland, and explain the cause of their growth.

3. Name four daily newspapers published in Maryland at this time. What papers are published in your county? Name some reasons for the vastly greater efficiency of the present newspapers.

4. Name some respects in which the teaching of children now differs from that of colonial times. What is meant by "consolidation" of rural schools?

REFERENCES

Lodge's English Colo

Goodwin's The Colonial Cavalier, entire book of 300 pp. nies in America, pp. 93–109. Fiske's Old Virginia and Her Neighbors, Vol. II., pp. 174-269; a description of life in Virginia, but this was so nearly identical with the life in Maryland that it is practically as good as a special description for Maryland. This is a careful and lengthy account, and will prove very valuable. Elson's History of the United States, pp. 197-219. See also Mereness' Maryland as a Proprietary Province, pp. 104–128 and pp. 129–149. If available, consult Scharf's History of Maryland, Vol. II., pp. 1–103; and for a good account of the manners and customs of the early settlers in western Maryland, see Scharf's History of Western Maryland, pp. 69-74.

PART II

HISTORY OF THE STATE

CHAPTER I

THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE: MARYLAND IN THE REVOLUTION

67. The Revolutionary War. - The Declaration of Independence was the solemn statement of the colonies to all the world that they were resolved to be entirely free, and to lay the foundations of a new nation with liberty as its watchword. But that Declaration it was now necessary to make good, and the independence which they so boldly asserted it was necessary to win by brave deeds. Thus the whole situation was changed; for whereas the Americans had hitherto been contending for their rights and privileges as Englishmen, they now fought to throw off entirely the sovereignty of a government which they regarded as unjust and tyrannical.

On the nomination of Thomas Johnson of Maryland, Congress appointed George Washington commander-in-chief of the American army. (This was before the Declaration of Independence.) In the character of Washington, daring courage was strangely blended with extraordinary cautiousness and forethought. A noble and unselfish man, a true patriot, and a remarkably able general, his selection was eminently wise. Had any other been made, it is very doubtful whether independence could have been won.

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