CUDWORTH, RALPH, a very learned divine of the church of England in the 17th century. In January 1657, he was one of the persons nominated by a committee of the parliament to be consulted about the English translation of the bible. In 1678 he published his True Intellectual System of the Universe; a work which met with great opposition. He likewise published a treatise, entitled, Deus justificatus: " or, "The divine goodness of God vindicated, against the assertions of absolute and unconditionate reprobation." He embraced the mechanical or corpuscular philosophy: but with regard to the Deity, spirits, genii, and ideas, he followed the Platonists. He died at Cambridge in 1688. The editor of the new edition of the Biogra phia Britannica observes, that it is not easy to meet with a greater storehouse of ancient literature than the "Intellectual System;" and various writers, we believe, have been indebted to it for an appearance of learning which they might not otherwise have been able to maintain. That Dr Cudworth was fanciful in some of his opinions, and that he was too devoted a follower of Plato and the Platonists, will scarcely be denied even by those who are most sensible of his general merit. The reflections that have been cast upon such a man as the author, by bigotted writers, are altogether contemptible. It is the lot of distinguished merit to be thus treated. Lord Shaftesbury, speaking on this subject, has given an honourable testimony to the memory of Dr Cudworth." "You know (says his lordship) the common fate of those who dare to appear fair authors. What was that pious and learned man's case, who wrote the Intellectual System of the Universe! I confess it was pleasant enough to consider, that though the whole world were not less satisfied with his capacity and learning, than with his sincerity in the cause of Deity; yet he was accused of giving the upper hand to the atheists, for having only stated their reasons, and those of their adversaries, fairly tcgether."

It is observed by Dr Birch, that Dr Cudworth's Intellectual System of the Universe has raised him a reputation, to which nothing can add but the publication of his other writings still extant in manuscript. That these writings are very valuable cannot be doubted. We may be assured that they display a great compass of sentiment and a great extent of learning. Nevertheless, from their voluminous quantity, from the abstruseness of the subjects they treat upon, and from the revolutions of literary taste and opinion, it is morally certain that the publication of them would not be successful in the present age. Dr Cudworth's daughter Damaris, who married Sir Francis Masham of Oates in Essex, was a lady of genius and learning: she had a great friendship for Mr Locke, who resided

several years at her house at Oates, where he died in Cudworth 1704.

CUE, an item or inuendo, given to the actors on the stage what or when to speak. See PROMPTER.

CUENZA, a town of Spain, in New Castile, and in the territory of the Sierra, with a bishop's see. It was taken by Lord Peterborough in 1706, but retaken by the duke of Berwick. It is seated on the river Xucar, in W. Long. 1. 45. N. Lat. 40. 10.

CUERENHERT, THEODORE VAN, a very extraordinary person, was a native of Amsterdam, where he was born in 1522. It appears, that early in life he travelled into Spain and Portugal; but the motives of his journey are not ascertained. He was a man of science, and according to report, a good poet. The sister arts at first he considered as an amusement only; but in the end he was, it seems, obliged to have recourse to engraving alone for his support. And though the different studies in which he employed his time prevented his attachment to his profession being so close as it ought to have been, yet at least the marks of genius are discoverable in his works. They are slight, and hastily executed with the graver alone; but in an open careless style, so as greatly to resemble designs made with a pen. He was established at Haerlem; and there pursuing his favourite studies in literature, he learned Latin, and was made secretary to that town, from whence he was sent several times as ambassador to the prince of Orange, to whom he addressed a famous manifesto, which that prince published in 1566. Had he stopped here, it had been well; but directing his thoughts into a different channel, he undertook an argument as dangerous as it was absurd. He maintained, that all religious communions were corrupted; and that, without a supernatural mission, accompanied with miracles, no person had a right to administer in any religious office he therefore pronounced that man to be unworthy the name of a Christian who would enter any place of public worship. This he not only advanced in words, but strove to show the sincerity of his belief by practice; and for that reason would not communicate with either Protestant or Papist. His works were published in three volumes folio in 1630; and though he was several times imprisoned, and at last sentenced to banishment, yet he does not appear to have altered his sentiments. He died at Dergoude in 1590, aged 68 years. It is no small addition to the honour of this singular man, that he was the instructor of that justly celebrated artist Henry Goltzius. Cuerenhert worked jointly with the Galles and other artists, from the designs of Martin Hemskerck. The subjects are from the Old and New Testament, and consist chiefly of middling-sized plates lengthwise. He also engraved several subjects from Franc. Floris.

CUERPO. To walk in cuerpo, is a Spanish phrase: for going without a cloak; or without all the formalities of a full dress.

CUFF, HENRY, the unfortunate secretary of the unfortunate earl of Essex, was born at Hinton St George in Somersetshire, about the year 1560, of a genteel family, who were possessed of considerable estates in that county. In 1576, he was entered of Trinity college Oxford, where he soon acquired con

siderable

Cuff.

cuore, "heart," because it covers that part; others Cu from the French cuir, or the Latin corium," leather;" whence coriaceous; because defensive arms were origi- Cull nally made of leather. The cuirass was not brought into use till about the year 1300, though they were known both to the ancient Greeks and Romans in different forms.

CUIRASSIERS, cavalry armed with cuirasses, as many of the Germans are: The French have regi ments of cuirassiers; but we have had none in the British army since the Revolution.

Cuff siderable reputation as a Grecian and disputant. He obtained a fellowship in the above-mentioned college; Cuirass. but was afterwards expelled for speaking disrespect fully of the founder (A). He was, however, soon after admitted of Merton college; of which, in 1586, he was elected probationer, and in 1588 fellow. In this year he took the degree of master of arts. Some time after he was elected Greek professor, and in 1594 proctor of the university. When he left Oxford is uncertain; nor are we better informed as to the means of his introduction to the earl of Essex. When that nobleman was made lord lieutenant of Ireland, Mr Cuff was appointed his secretary, and continued intimately connected with his lordship until his confinement in the Tower; and he is generally supposed to have advised those violent measures which ended in their mutual destruction. The earl indeed confessed as much before his execution, and charged him to his face with being the author of all his misfortunes. Mr Cuff was tried for high treason, convicted, and executed at Tyburn on the 30th of March 1601. Lord Bacon, Sir Henry Wotton, and Camden, speak of him in very harsh terms. He was certainly a man of learning and abilities. He wrote two books: the one entitled, The Differences of the Ages of Man's Life; the other, De Rebus Gestis in Sancto Concilio Nicæno. The first was published after his death; the second is still in manuscript.

CUJAS, JAMES, in Latin Cujacius, the best civilian of his time, was born at Toulouse, of obscure parents, in 1520. He learned polite literature and history; and acquired great knowledge in the ancient laws, which he taught with extraordinary reputation at Toulouse, Cahors, Bourges, and Valence in Dauphiné. Emmanuel Philibert, duke of Savoy, invited him to Turin, and gave him singular marks of his esteem. Cujas afterwards refused very advantageous offers from Pope Gregory XIII. who was desirous of having him teach at Bologna; but he chose rather to fix at Bourges, where he had a prodigious number of scholars; whom he not only took great pleasure in instructing, but assisted with his substance, which occasioned his being called the Father of his Scholars. He died at Bourges in 1590, aged 70. His works are in high esteem among civilians.

CUJAVIA, a territory of Great Poland, having on the north the duchy of Prussia, on the west the palatinate of Kalisk, and on the south those of Licici and Rava, and on the west that of Ploczko. It contains two palatinates, the chief towns of which are Inowloez and Brest, and now belongs partly to Russia, and partly to Prussia.

CUIRASS, a piece of defensive armour made of iron plate, well hammered, serving to cover the body, from the neck to the girdle, both before and behind. Some derive the word, by corruption, from the Italian

CULDEE, in church-history, a sort of monkish priests formerly inhabiting Scotland and Ireland. Being remarkable for the religious exercises of preaching and praying, they were called, by way of eminence, cultores Dei; from whence is derived the word culdees. They made choice of one of their own fraternity to be their spiritual head, who was afterwards called the Scots bishop.

CULEMBACH, a district or marquisate of the circle of Franconia, in Germany. It is bounded on the west by the bishopric of Bamberg; on the south by the ter ritory of Nuremberg; on the east by the palatinate of Bavaria and Bohemia; and on the north by Voegtland and part of the circle of Upper Saxony. It is about 50 miles in length from north to south, and 30 in breadth from east to west. It is full of forests and high mountains; the most considerable of the latter ar those of Frichtelberg, all of them covered with pinetrees. Here are the sources of four large rivers, the Maine, the Sala, the Eger, and the Nab. Since 1814 this marquisate has formed part of the territories of Bavaria.

CULEMBACH, a town of Germany, in Franconia, the capital of the marquisate of the same name. It has good fortifications, and is seated at the confluence of two branches of the river Maine. It was pillaged and burnt by the Hussites in 1430, and by the inhabitants of Nuremberg in 1573. E. Long. 11. 28. N. Lat. 50. 12.

CULEUS, in Roman antiquity, the largest measure of capacity for things liquid, containing 20 amphora, or 40 urnæ. It contained 143 gallons 3 pints, English wine-measure, and was 11,095 solid inches.

CULEX, the GNAT; a genus of insects belonging to the order of diptera. See ENTOMOLOGY Index.

CULIACAN, a province of North America, in the audience of Guadalajara. It is bounded on the north by New Mexico, on the east by New Biscay and the Zacatecas, on the south by Chiametlan, and on the west by the sea. It is a fruitful country, and has rich mines.

CULLIAGE, a barbarous and immoral practice, whereby the lords of manors anciently assumed a right to the first night of their vassals brides.

CULLEN,

CULLEN, a borough town in the county of Banff in Scotland. It is situated on the sea-coast. W. Long. 2. 12. N. Lat. 57. 38. The manufacture of linen and damask has been established in this town for more than 50 years. Population 1070 in 1811.

CULLEN, Dr William, an eminent physician and distinguished medical teacher, was born in Lanarkshire, in the west of Scotland, 11th December, 1712. His father was for some time chief magistrate of the town of Hamilton; but though a very respectable man, his circumstances were not such as to permit him to lay out much money on the education of his son. William therefore, after serving an apprenticeship to a surgeon apothecary in Glasgow, went several voyages to the West Indies as a surgeon in a trading vessel from London: but of this employment he tired, and settled himself, at an early period of life, as a country surgeon in the parish of Shotts, where he staid a short time practising among the farmers and country people, and then went to Hamilton with a view to practise as a physician, having never been fond of operating as a surgeon.

While he resided near Shotts, it chanced that Archibald duke of Argyle, who at that time bore the chief political sway in Scotland, made a visit to a gentleman of rank in that neighbourhood. The duke was fond of literary pursuits, and was then particularly engaged in some chemical researches, which required to be elucidated by experiment. Eager in these pursuits, his grace, while on his visit, found himself much at a loss for the want of some small chemical apparatus, which his landlord could not furnish: but happily recollecting young Cullen in the neighbourhood, he mentioned him. to the duke as a person who could probably furnish it. -He was accordingly invited to dine; was introduced to his grace, who was so much pleased with his knowledge, his politeness and address, that he formed an acquaintance which laid the foundation of all Dr Cullen's future advancement.

The name of Cullen by this time became familiar at every table in that neighbourhood; and thus he came to be known, by character, to the duke of Hamilton, who then resided, for a short time, in that part of the Country: and that nobleman having been suddenly taken ill, the assistance of young Cullen was called in; which proved a fortunate circumstance in serving to promote his advancement to a station in life more suited to his talents than that in which he had hitherto moved.

The duke was highly delighted with the sprightly character and ingenious conversation of his new acquaintance. Receiving instruction from him in a much more pleasing, and an infinitely easier way than he had ever before obtained, the conversation of Cullen proved highly interesting to his grace. -No wonder then that he soon found means to get his favourite doctor, who was already the esteemed acquaintance of the man through whose hands all preferments in Scotland were obliged to pass, appointed to a place in the university of Glasgow, where his singular talents for discharging the duties of the station he now occupied soon became very conspicuous.

During his residence in the country, however, several important incidents occurred, that ought not to be passed over in silence. It was during this time that was formed a connection in business in a very humble

line between two men, who became afterwards eminent ly conspicuous in much more exalted stations. William, afterwards Doctor Hunter, the famous lecturer on anatomy in London, was a native of the same part of the country; and not being in affluent circumstances more than Cullen, these two young men, stimulated by the impulse of genius to prosecute their medical studies with ardour, but thwarted by the narrowness of their fortune, entered into a copartnery business as surgeons and apothecaries in the country. The chief end of their contract being to furnish the parties with the means of prosecuting their medical studies, which they could not separately so well enjoy, it was stipulated, that one of them alternately should be allowed to study in what college be inclined, during the winter, while the other should carry on the business in the country, for the common advantage. In consequence of this agreement, Cullen was first allowed to study in the university of Edinburgh for one winter; but when it came to Hunter's turn next winter, he, preferring London to Edinburgh, went thither. There his singular neatness in dissecting, and uncommon dexterity in making anatomical preparations, his assiduity in study, his mildness of manner, and pliability of temper, soon recommended him to the notice of Dr Douglas, who then read lectures upon anatomy and midwifery there; who engaged Hunter as an assistant, and whose chair he afterwards filled with so much honour to himself and satisfaction to the public.

Thus was dissolved, in a premature manner, a copartnery perhaps of as singular a kind as is to be found in the annals of literature: nor was Cullen a man of that disposition to let any engagement with him prove a bar to his partner's advancement in life. The articles were freely departed from by him; and Cullen and Hunter ever after kept up a very cordial and friendly correspondence; though, it is believed, they never from that time had a personal interview.

During the time that Cullen practised as a country surgeon and apothecary, he formed another connection of a more permanent kind, which happily for him, was not dissolved till a very late period of his life. With the ardour of disposition he possessed, it cannot be supposed he beheld the fair sex with indifference. Very early in life he took a strong attachment to an amiable woman, a Miss Johnston, daughter to a clergyman in that neighbourhood, nearly of his own age, who was prevailed on to join with him in the sacred bonds of wedlock, at a time when he had nothing else to recommend him to her except his person and dispositions. After giving to him a numerous family, and participating with him the changes of fortune which he experienced, she died in summer 1786.

In the year 1746, Cullen, who had now taken the degree of doctor in physic, was appointed a lecturer in chemistry in the university of Glasgow and in the month of October began his lectures in that science. His singular talents for arrangement, his distinctness of enunciation, his vivacity of manner, and his knowledge of the science he taught, rendered his lectures interesting to the students to a degree that had been till then unknown at the university. He became, therefore, in some measure, adored by the students. The former professors were eclipsed by the brilliancy of his reputation; and he had to experience all those little rubs that envy

and

:

Nor was it in this way only that he befriended the students at the university of Edinburgh. Possessing a benevolence of mind that made him ever think first of the wants of others, and recollecting the difficulties that he himself had to struggle with in his younger days, he was at all times singularly attentive to their pecuniary concerns. From his general acquaintance among the students, and the friendly babits he was on with many of them, he found no difficulty in discovering those among them who were rather in embarrassed circumstances, without being obliged to hurt their delicacy in any degree. To such persons, when their habits of study admitted of it, he was peculiarly attentive. They were more frequently invited to his house than others; they were treated with more than usual kindness and familiarity; they were conducted to his library, and encouraged by the most delicate address to borrow from it freely whatever books he thought they had occasion for and as persons in these circumstances were usually more shy in this respect than others, books were sometimes pressed upon them as a sort of constraint, by the doctor insisting to have their opinion of such or such passages they had not read, and desiring them to carry the book home for that purpose. He, in short, behaved to them rather as if he courted their company, and stood in need of their acquaintance than they of his. He thus raised them in the opinion of their acquaintance to a much higher degree of estimation than they could otherwise have obtained; which, to people whose minds were depressed by penury, and whose sense of honour was sharpened by the consciousness of an inferiority of a certain kind, was singularly engaging. Thus they were inspired with a secret sense of dignity, which elevated their minds, and excited an uncommon ardour of pursuit, instead of that melancholy inactivity which is so natural in such circumstances, and which too often leads to despair. Nor was he less delicate in the manner of supplying their wants, than attentive to discover them. He often found out some polite excuse for refusing to take payment for a first course, and never was at a loss for one to an after course. Before they could have an opportunity of applying for a ticket, he would sometimes lead the conversation to some subject that occurred in the course of his lectures; and as his lectures were never put in writing by himself, he would sometimes beg the favour to see their notes, if he knew they had been taken with attention, under a pretext of assisting his memory. Sometimes he would express a wish to have their opinion of a particular part of his course, and presented them with a ticket for that purpose; and sometimes he refused to take payment, under the pretext that they had not received his full course the preceding year, some part of it having been necessarily omitted for want of time, which he meant to include in this course. By such delicate address, in which he greatly excelled, he took care to forerun their wants. Thus he not only gave them the benefit of his own lectures, but by refusing to take their money, he also enabled them to attend those of others that were necessary to complete their course of VOL. VII. Part I.

He introduced another general rule into the university, that was dictated by the same principle of disinterested beneficence, that ought not to be here passed over in silence. Before he came to Edinburgh, it was the custom of medical professors to accept of fees for their medical assistance, when wanted, even from medical students themselves, who were perhaps attending the professor's own lectures at the time. But Cullen never would take fees as a physician from any student at the university, though he attended them, when called in as a physician, with the same assiduity and care as if they had been persons of the first rank, who paid him most liberally. This gradually induced others to adopt a similar practice: so that it is now become a general rule for medical professors to decline taking any fees when their assistance is necessary to a student. For this useful reform, with many others, the students of the university of Edinburgh are solely indebted to the liberality of Dr Cullen.

The first lectures which Cullen delivered in Edinburgh were on chemistry; and for many years he also gave clinical lectures on the cases which occurred in the royal infirmary. In the month of February 1763, Dr Alston died, after having begun his usual course of lectures on the materia medica; and the magistrates of Edinburgh, as patrons of that professorship in the university, appointed Dr Cullen to that chair, requesting that he would finish the course of lectures that had been begun for that season. This he agreed to do; and though he was under a necessity of going on with the course in a few days after he was nominated, he did not once think of reading the lectures of his predecessor, but resolved to deliver a new course entirely his own. The popularity of Cullen at this time may be guessed at by the increase of new students who came to attend his course in addition to the eight or ten who had en tered to Dr Alston. The new students exceeded 100. An imperfect copy of these lectures thus fabricated in haste, having been published, the doctor thought it necessary to give a more correct edition of them in the latter part of his life. But his faculties being then much impaired, his friends looked in vain for those striking beauties that characterised his literary exertions in the prime of life.

Some years afterwards, on the death of Dr White, the magistrates once more appointed Dr Cullen to give lectures on the theory of physic in his stead. And it was on that occasion Dr Cullen thought it expedient to resign the chemical chair in favour of Dr Black, his former pupil, whose talents in that department of science were then well known, and who filled the chair till his death with great satisfaction to the public. Soon after, on the death of Dr Rutherford, who for many years had given lectures with applause on the practice of physic, Dr John Gregory (whose name can never be mentioned by any one who had the pleasure of his acquaintance without the warmest tribute of a grateful respect') having become a candidate for this place along with Dr Cullen, a sort of compromise took place between them, B

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