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youth of this country in the importance of military training as a benefit to the individual taking such training and as a vital asset in the problem of national defense; to show the public by actual example that camp instruction of the kind given will develop their sons physically, mentally, and morally; will stimulate patriotism and self-discipline, and will qualify young men for more effective service as American citizens and as soldiers in the new citizen army of the United States, dedicated to the service of the Nation in daily life and in any crisis.

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The Citizens' Military Training Camps were established by the act of June 4, 1920. The first camp was held in the summer of 1921. Forty thousand young men applied for admission, but only 10,000 men attended because of the limited appropriations. The next year appropriations were increased and 22,000 were given training, and in the following year, 1923, 24,500 were enrolled in the camps. President Harding expressed on several occasions the hope that there might be established during his administration a comprehensive system for voluntary military training for at least 100,000 men each year." Attendance at Citizens' Military Training Camps is voluntary, and admission is accomplished by application to the headquarters of the corps area in which the applicant resides. Applicants must conform with the moral, mental, and physical requirements. Essential expenses, such as traveling charges, meals, and cost of uniform clothing and equipment are paid by the United States Govern

ment.

From the foregoing it is clear that the United States Army is the pioneer of pioneers. It is the Nation's great outpost in fighting fires, floods, disease, disaster, and the enemies of our institutions. It opens up the wilderness and makes it possible for men to dwell there in comfort and safety. It does all this, not for its own glory and profit, but for the common defense and general welfare of the people whom it is created to serve. It stands to-day as the Nation's best bulwark against war and threats of war.

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Organization chart of department_

Organization of the Army.

Uniforms-titles, insignia, and facings..

Appropriation, 1923, and comparison with other countries__.

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COMMANDERS OF THE ARMIES SINCE 1775.

Washington, George, Gen__.

Knox, Henry, Maj. Gen.

Doughty, John, Capt. (Artillery).

Harmar, Josiah, Lieut. Col. (Infantry).

St. Clair, Arthur, Maj. Gen_-_-
Wayne, Anthony, Maj. Gen___.
Wilkinson, Jas., Brig. Gen_-_-
Washington, George, Lieut. Gen__.
Hamilton, Alex., Maj. Gen___
Wilkinson, Jas., Brig. Gen.
Dearborn, Henry, Maj. Gen__.
Brown, Jacob, Maj. Gen___
Macomb, Alex., Maj. Gen__.
Scott, Winfield, Maj. Gen.--.
McClellan, G. B., Maj. Gen.

Halleck, H. W., Maj. Gen.
Grant, U. S., Gen_-_-.

Term of office.

June 17, 1775-Dec. 23, 1783.

Dec. 23, 1783-June 20, 1784.

June 20, 1784-Aug. 12, 1784.

Aug. 12, 1784-Mar. 4, 1791.
Mar. 4, 1791-Mar. 5, 1792.
Apr. 13, 1792-Dec. 15, 1796.

Dec. 15, 1796-July 13, 1798.

July 13, 1798-Dec. 14, 1799.

Dec. 14, 1799-June 15, 1800.
June 15, 1800-Jan. 27, 1812.

Jan. 27, 1812-June 15, 1815.

June 15, 1815-Feb. 24, 1828.

May 29, 1828-June 25, 1841.
July 5, 1841-Nov. 1, 1861.

Nov. 1, 1861-Mar. 11, 1862.

July 23, 1862-Mar. 9, 1864.
Mar. 9, 1864-Mar. 4, 1869.
Mar. 8, 1869-Nov. 1, 1883.

Nov. 1, 1883-Aug. 5, 1888.

Aug. 14, 1888-Sept. 29, 1895.

Oct. 5, 1895-Aug. 8, 1903.

Sherman, W. T., Gen---

Sheridan, P. H., Gen_-_.

Schofield, J. McA., Lieut. Gen---
Miles, N. A., Lieut. Gen.

The act of February 14, 1903, created a General Staff Corps, and provided that the Chief of Staff, under the direction of the President or of the Secretary of War, under the direction of the President, shall have supervision of all troops and of all the staff departments. This act to take effect August 15, 1903.

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LIST OF WARS-Continued.

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1859. Antelope Hills Expedition. 1859. Bear River Expedition. 1859. San Juan Imbroglio.

1859. John Brown Raid.

1859. Cortina Troubles.

1860. Pah Ute Expedition.

1860. Kiowa and Comanche Indians. 1861. Apache Indians.

1861. CIVIL WAR.

1862. Indian Massacres (Minnesota).

1862. Sioux Indians.

1863. Cheyenne War.

1865. Northwestern Indian War.

1865. Fenian Raid.

1867. Mexican Border Indian War.

1868. Canadian River Expedition. 1871. Yellowstone Expedition.

1871. Fenian Troubles.

1872. Yellowstone Expedition. 1872. Modoc Campaign.

1872. Yellowstone Expedition.

1874. Indian Territory War.

1874. Sioux War.

1874. Black Hills War.

1875. Nevada Expedition.

1876. Sioux War.

1876. Powder River Expedition.

1876. Big Horn Expedition. 1876. Sioux War.

1877. Nez Perces Campaign.

1878. Ute Campaign.

1890. Snake Indian.

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