by the fact that when tested with Bieber's reagent it gives a yellowish-green colour changing, after 24 hours, to orangeyellow.

Kaya oil is expressed from the seeds of Torreya nucifera, a plant growing in the mountainous districts of Japan. The kernels contain about 51 per cent. of a light yellow oil with a faint odour and mild taste. When heated in a thin layer for 3 hours at 100°C., it dries, forming an elastic film, but its drying capacity is inferior to that of linseed oil. It can be cooled to -20°C. without becoming turbid, and does not yield a solid mass in the elaidin test, or any precipitate in the hexabromide test. The following results were obtained: Sp. gr. at 15°C. 0-9233-0-9244; acid value, 1-48-12-66; saponification value, 187-95-188.38; ND20°C. 1,4760-1,4757; Hehner value, 95-7; and Reichert-Meissl value, 0-93. The mixed fatty acids yielded linolic tetrabromide (m.p. 114°C.). Kaya oil is used as an edible oil, for burning, in the manufacture of oilpapers, as an insecticide, etc., and is suitable for the manufacture of paints and varnishes.

Inukaya oil from the seeds of an evergreen plant, Cephalotaxus drupacea (Taxaceae), is a light yellow liquid with a slightly resinous odour. A cold-drawn sample from seed kernels containing 67 per cent. of oil did not solidify at -15°C. It dried in 4 hours at 100°C. and gave the following values: Sp. gr. at 15.5°C. 0.9250; saponification value, 188-54; iodine value (Wijs), 130-33; and 7p20-c., 1,4760. This oil could be used for the same purposes as kaya oil, though its odour might prevent its being used for food.

Kusu oil is contained in the fruit of the camphor-yielding tree, Cinnamonum camphora (Lauraceae) and may be extracted by crushing and expressing the fruit at a somewhat high temperature. The oil is a white crystalline mass with an odour recalling that of coconut oil. A sample gave the following results Sp. gr. at 25°C. 0-9267, at 100°C. 0-8760; m.p. 22.8°C.; acid value, 4.70; saponification value, 283-76; iodine value (Wijs), 4.49; 25°C., 1,4517; Reichert-Meissl value, 0-53. Fatty acids: Sp. gr. at 100°C. 0-8412; m.p. 21°C.; neutralisation value, 292-83; mean molecular weight, 191-57; and iodine value, 5-07. The high saponification value and low Reichert-Meissl value point to the presence of laurin as the chief constituent. The oil could probably be used for the same purposes as coconut oil.

Inukusu oil is obtained from the fruit of the tree Machilus thunbergii, belonging to the Lauraceae. It is a brownish-yellow liquid which yields crystalline deposits when chilled. A sample gave the following results: Sp. gr. at 25°C. 0-9347; acid value, 19-31; saponification value, 241-39; iodine value (Wijs), 66-08; 7p25°C., 1,4646; and Reichert-Meissl value, 2-05. The oil resembles kusu oil, but its lower saponification value and higher iodine value indicate the presence of glycerides of higher unsaturated fatty acids.

Oleoresins and Balsams, Stannous Chloride as a Reagent for. M. Utz. (Chem. Rev. Fett. Harz.; Pharm. Zentralh., 48, 769.) Natural Peruvian balsam when shaken with stannous chloride solution colours the reagent a carmine red tint. Artificial balsam of Peru, so treated, imparts a dark green colour to the liquid. Chloroform solution of copaiba balsam, similarly treated, colours the reagent orange, while the lower chloroform layer is colourless. Gurjun balsam under like conditions gives a pink mixture, which separates into a cherry-red upper layer and a pale rose-coloured lower portion.

Olive Bark, Constituents of. F. B. Power and F. Tutin. (Proc. Chem. Soc., 24,117.) Air-dried olive bark, on percolation with hot alcohol, yielded about 30 per cent. of its weight of extracted material. From this alcoholic extract the following crystalline compounds were obtained, together with some amorphous products.

(1) A new monocarboxylic acid, C34H67 CO2H (m.p. 69-70°), which yields an ethyl ester melting at 63°; (2) a new monocarboxylic acid, C24H45 CO2H (m.p. 79°), the ethyl ester of which melts at 66-5°; (3) a new monocarboxylic acid, C34H69 CO2H (m.p. 92°), which yields an ethyl ester melting at 87°; (4) a new monocarboxylic acid, C2H57 CO2H (m.p. 84°), the ethyl ester of which melts at 75°; (5) a substance, probably a tertiary alcohol, C35He8O (m.p. 70°); (6) pentatriacontane, C35H72 (m.p. 74–75°); (7) a phytosterol, C27-460 (m.p. 136°; [a]— 35.2°), which yields an acetyl derivative melting at 119.50; (8) a substance, C23H38O2(OH)2 (m.p. 285-290°), which yields an acetyl derivative melting at 160°, and is identical with ipuranol, a compound recently isolated by Power and Rogerson from Ipomoea purpurea; (9) a new phenolic substance, olenitol,

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C14H10O6 (m.p. 265°), dilute solutions of which show a blue fluorescence. Acetylolenitol melts at 130°; (10) d-mannitol, in an amount equivalent to 1.9 per cent. of the weight of airdried bark; (11) a sugar which yields d-phenylglucosazone.

Olive Leaves, Constituents of. F. B. Power and Frank Tutin. (Proc. Chem. Soc., 24, 117.) Air-dried olive leaves were percolated with hot alcohol, when they gave about 30 per cent. of their weight of extracted material. This alcoholic extract yielded, besides some amorphous matter, the following products :

(1) A new monocarboxylic acid, C22H45 CO2H (m.p. 68–69°); (2) a small amount of a mixture of fatty acids, containing oleic acid; (3) hentriacontane, C31H64 (m.p. 68-69°); (4) pentatriacontane, C35H72 (m.p. 74.5°); (5) oleasterol, C20H340 (m.p. 174°), a new crystalline alcohol related to the phytosterols; (6) a new crystalline alcohol, olestranol, C2H4202 (m.p. 217-218°), which appears to be a hydroxyphytosterol; (7) homo-olestranol, C27H46O2 (m.p. 210°; [a],+71°), a compound similar to olestranol; (8) an amount of d-mannitol equivalent to about 3-4 per cent. of the weight of air-dried leaves; (9) a considerable amount of a sugar which yields d-phenylglucosazone; (10) a trace of an essential oil; (11) oleanol C31H48O(OH)2,H2O (m.p. 303-304°; [a]+78-3°), a new crystalline substance in an amount equivalent to nearly 3.4 per cent. of the weight of air-dried leaves. This compound contains one alcoholic and one phenolic hydroxyl group. Monomethyloleanol, C31H48O(OH)•O•CH3, melts at 194–195°, and on acetylation yields acetylmethyloleanol, C31H48O2(O-CH)3 CO-CH2 (m.p. 215.5°). Diacetyloleanol, C31H48O3(CO-CH3)2, when heated to about 210°, gives a substance, C31H4803, which does not fuse at 310°. Monoacetyloleanol, C31H48O2(OH)·CO-CH3, melts at 258°.

Olive Oil, Algerian, Characters of. L. Archbutt. (Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 26, 1185.) Twelve authentic samples of olive oil supplied by the Algerian government authorities have been examined, with the following results:

The iodine values of the olive oils from the named varieties (including those previously examined) are given in the following table. It appears that the exceptionally high values are given by a few varieties, grown in certain districts, and that the oils from other varieties and districts give normal or more nearly normal results.

Olive Oil, Influence of Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sunlight on. L. A. Ryan and J. Marshall. (Amer. Journ. Pharm., 79, 308.) The results of the experiments detailed at length show that the influence of oxygen on olive oil is to decrease the iodine value and at the same time to increase the saponification value. It also acts decidedly towards causing the oil to become rancid, and in addition it diminishes the intensity of colour. Unsterilized oil exposed to diffused sunlight yielded a slightly higher iodine number than sterilized oil similarly treated, but the latter gave a slightly higher saponification number. Sterilized oil kept in darkness gave a slightly higher iodine number than the same oil exposed to diffused sunlight, while the latter gave a somewhat higher saponification number. Nitrogen causes practically no change in the iodine number of sterilized or unsterilized oils, but in sterilized oil there is an increase in the saponification number. This is probably not due to any action on the oil, but to partial decomposition at the temperature at which sterilization was effected. In every case with the flask containing an atmosphere consisting wholly of nitrogen the oil remained sweet and without the slightest indication of its having become rancid. Light and moisture in the absence of oxygen do not cause rancidity, and the fact that no rancidity occurs in oils exposed to nitrogen eliminates the possibility of enzymic action. (See also YearBooks, 1864, 54; 1891, 88; 1897, 72; 1900, 56.)

Opium, Morphinometric Assay with use of Lead Subacetate. C. E. Parker. (Proc. Amer. Pharm. Assoc., 55, 490.) The following modified method of Lamar (Amer. Journ. Pharm., 1900, 36), is said to give a purer morphine than the official process.