strengthened by the following provision contained in the act of June. 30, 1919:

Provided, That on and after July 1, 1919, possession by a person of intoxicating liquors in the Indian country or where the introduction is or was prohibited by treaty or Federal statute shall be an offense and punished in accordance with the provisions of the acts of July 23, 1892 (Twenty-seventh Statutes at Large, p. 260), and January 30, 1897 (Twenty-ninth Statutes at Large, p. 506).

The act of June 30 also provided for a continuation of the protection of the Nez Perce Indians by extending for ten years the provisions of Article IX of the agreement with said Indians dated May 1, 1893.

In my last report I referred to the necessity of invoking the authority of section 2087 which provides that no annuities or moneys or goods shall be paid or distributed to Indians while they are under the influence of intoxicating liquor, nor while there are good and sufficient reasons for those whose duty it may be to make such payments or distribution to believe that there is any species of intoxicating liquor within convenient reach of the Indians. The lesson has been a good one, so that there was no occasion during the year again to invoke its provision.

Several complaints reached me to the effect that a Minnesota concern was shipping California grapes to consumers in Minnesota territory for use in making grape juice and that Indian Service liquor suppression officers were destroying unfermented grape juice in large quantities. On investigation it was discovered that many carloads of California grapes were being shipped into the territory covered by the Indian treaty containing the prohibition against intoxicating liquors, but that they were not being used for making "grape juice" in the ordinary sense of the word. Thousands of gallons of wine in the various stages of the making were destroyed, but where grapes were legitimately being used for ordinary unfermented grape juice, no action was taken against any person.

Indicative of the benefits to the La Pointe Indians by reason of the city of Ashland, Wis., going dry, beginning with July 1, 1918, the local press of that city printed a statement showing the arrests for the last six wet months (January to June, inclusive, 1918) were 1,366, while the total arrests in the first six months under the dry law (July 1 to Dec. 31, 1918) were 236. It is also said that the arrests in May (374) and June (347), 1918, dropped to 36 in July and grew less thereafter.

FARMING.

It seemed to me quite clear that post-war conditions would require a continuance of increased production in all farming activities, in order to satisfy the pressing demands of many foreign countries for

the necessaries of life, and to supply domestic consumption with as little soaring of prices as possible. With a view, therefore, to maintaining vigorously the previous year's agricultural campaign, I sent on January 25, 1919, to all superintendents the following letter of instructions:

Our farming operations last year were largely successful. We fulfilled the slogan: "Food will win the war." Now that the war is won, we find that food is essential to peace. The vast areas ravaged by the enemy will not soon be normally productive. Much of northern France is a picture of devastation. Russian agriculture is under the blight of bolshevism. Expert statisticians declare that the world, outside of the United States, will need 15,000,000 tons of foodstuffs above present supplies to carry it to the next crop. Whatever shall be written into international pacts or covenants, we face the old truth that peace and starvation are not friendly partners; that famine breeds disorder and insurrection. It is generally conceded that aid for underfed populations is an acute and alarming need, and it behooves this great country of ours which turned the world's forlorn hope into victory, to help supply the markets of hungry millions who were not responsible for their misfortune. It should be ours to lead in making secure the arts of peace in a world emancipated from the lust of war. Our soldiers from the battle front have set us this task, and I urge you to carry as an inspiration to every employee and to all Indians the fact that we are at the entrance of a new industrial era which will demand not only greater and more varied domestic supplies but vastly larger exports than ever before.

Therefore, last year's campaign, good as it was, must be renewed and stimulated to greater results. Preparation for the seed time can not begin too early. Forethought should be the watchword of every farmer and gardener. War gardens have convinced us of the necessity for peace gardens. Last year thousands of families supplied their tables chiefly from their gardens, had better health, and released more nonperishable supplies for shipment. No man, Indian or white, is justified in buying vegetables if he has land that will produce them. The root cellar should be reckoned as indispensable. I desire that our schools everywhere give increased attention to gardening, canning, drying, and the proper storing of vegetables as a dietary and economic gain. Some schools have thus taken a long step toward self-support. Others can do equally well. All Indians on allotments should be especially urged to have gardens and get in the way of using more vegetables as food. Wherever potatoes can be grown there should be little need for shipping them in. In these small, as well as the larger agricultural activities, you can hardly overdo efforts to have the Indians look ahead for the next season's tillage and harvest by timely preparation. The tendency of hand-to-mouth living is thus largely overcome.

In the more extensive lines of farming you should give prompt attention this year to the considerable area of agricultural land still unused on many of the reservations and have the Indians, themselves, bring it under cultivation, so far as available facilities, funds, and good business judgment will justify. If there is a balance they can not handle, it should be leased to the best advantage under existing laws and regulations. For Indians desiring to farm, but are not properly equipped to do so, the matter of seeds and implements should be given careful and active attention, so that supplies may be on hand when needed. It is preferable, of course, for the Indians to purchase their own seed and implements from individual funds when available, but if not, the supplies may be furnished in return for labor, or in the case of seed, to be returned in kind at harvest, provided you have applicable and available funds in your allotment which you care to utilize therefor, as it is unlikely that any additional allotments can be made for this purpose. In previous years it has been customary to furnish considerable supplies of this nature on the reimbursable plan, either from the regular re

imbursable appropriation or from tribal funds subject to expenditure in this manner. However, there is a very small balance in the regular reimbursable appropriation which will be entirely insufficient to permit the purchase of seed and implements therefrom on the same scale as in previous years, although if you have any unhypothecated balance in your allotments of tribal funds available for support and civilization purposes within the limitation imposed by the Indian act for the current fiscal year, such as "Indian moneys, proceeds of labor, Indians' support, 1919," it can be utilized for the purchase of seed and implements for Indians on the reimbursable plan if not required for other necessary purposes. I especially desire that you move early and definitely in these very essential preparatory matters and keep continually before the Indians the necessity of complete readiness for spring work and for bumper results.

The replies indicate a full recognition of their responsibility along this line on the part of the superintendents, employees, and the Indians, and a considerable increase in crop acreage on many of the reservations over that cultivated during the war. There are quoted below extracts from several reports, which will serve to show the attitude of our field service and something of the results it is hoped to accomplish.

Last year we cultivated every foot of available land. We raised an excellent garden, had quantities of early vegetables for canning, and our large root cellar was filled to the brim with winter vegetables. From an acre of alfalfa five tons of excellent hay was raised, and about one hundred bushels of corn from two and one-half acres of thin land. Our farmers are now arranging to secure seed oats and potatoes. Gardens are now being ploughed and ground is being prepared for seeding oats. Prospects for a large wheat crop are excellent. Many reports reaching this office indicate that our restricted Indians are showing unusual interest in preparing for aggressive farm work. Considerable new ground is being cleared, the soil is full of moisture, and the season is in many respects opening under very favorable conditions.

The matter of having every available foot of agricultural land within this jurisdiction placed in cultivation has been kept in mind, and it is believed that the increase for the coming season over last season is approximately 8 per cent. Every allotment suitable for agricultural purposes has either been leased or is being farmed by the Indians themselves.

An effort has been made to induce each family to have a garden, with very satisfactory results. An increase of about 200 per cent was made two years ago, which was maintained the past year. The coming year will probably make an equally good showing, although the demand for labor and high wages paid has taken many of our Indians from their home work.

We began our farm operations last fall as soon as the crops were removed. We have prepared and have ready as much of the land as was possible and we are still continuing the preparation. We saved from our crops last year seed corn, seed wheat, and other seeds and have already invited bids and placed orders for those required and not raised for the coming season. We will have a larger acreage this year than last and believe the production will be greater per acre.

The necessary steps have already been taken under this jurisdiction in the way of securing seeds for the Indians of this reservation to be used in connection with their farming operations. We are also endeavoring to secure a goodly supply of various kinds of garden seeds for issue to Indians to interest and encourage them in raising a large amount of vegetables for their own consumption. Everything in our power is being done to have all raw lands subdued and placed under cultivation during the

coming farming season. Everything is being done to make the coming season a greater success than the last.

We shall have a larger acreage this year than last; practically every Indian family has a garden, and many of them will raise considerable quantities of garden stuff if we have an average season.

During the fiscal year 1918, $4,200 was expended for irregular labor in connection with argicultural activities, placing in cultivation over four hundred acres, more than half of which was unfenced and in sagebrush in the early spring. From that acreage 55,000 pounds of oats, 64,000 pounds of wheat, 20,000 pounds of corn, 40 tons of potatoes, 10 tons of sugar and stock beets, 500 tons of straw and forage, and large quantities of cabbage, onions, turnips, and rutabagas were harvested. Additional areas were cleared of sagebrush, 60 acres seeded to winter wheat, and approximately 100 acres is ready for spring seeding, all of which puts us in better shape for early spring activities.

Our Indians are actively engaged in preparations for a larger acreage than last year. More of them will put out gardens than before. The fact that one of their number raised a garden last year that was pronounced the best in the county, and which carried off first premiums at Nevada State Fair, has had a wide-reaching effect.

While it is too early to give complete figures as to results, preliminary reports and estimates justify the belief that there will be substantial increases over the previous year. It is my hope to maintain the high standard of war period accomplishment in order that the industrial progress of the Indians may continue unabated under the impetus thus given it. That there is substantial basis for this hope is found in the fact that, while the patriotic enthusiasm for increased production may be less active now than during the war, there are definite signs that many of the Indians are acquiring the "habit" of sustained industry, which will give permanence to their progress along successful lines.

A most encouraging element in the situation is the fact that the use of agricultural machinery, modern improved methods, etc., is constantly growing among the Indians, with consequent better and more remunerative returns in crop production. This has been increasingly reflected in improved homes, live stock, and the acquisition by the Indians of the varied appurtenances of civilization to a greater extent than formerly.

Hailstorms on the Crow Reservation, in Montana, and grasshopper outbreaks on the Southern Ute Reservation, in Colorado, and the Moapa River Reservation, in Nevada, did considerable damage to crops during the year. While, of course, the hailstorms can not be controlled, remedial measures have been taken, which it is hoped will result in the complete eradication of the grasshoppers and the prevention of serious ravages in the future.

EXPERIMENTATION. Systematic experimentation work has felt the disturbance of normal conditions more than some other lines and was confined to the cooperative farms at Sacaton, on the Pima Reservation, in Arizona, and the date farm at Palm Springs, under the Malki jurisdiction, in California.

Cotton experiments have as hitherto constituted the principal feature on the Sacaton farm. Pure strains of the now famous "Pima" variety, which was originated on this farm, are maintained, and experiments for the development of new types still higher in value are in progress. Demonstrations to determine the best time for planting and the most profitable spacing are in progress. High-grade Pima seed has been furnished the Indian farmers of the reservation, and personal advice in the planting and management of their crops has resulted in fields which compare well with those of the best white farmers in the Salt River Valley.

A simple planter attachment devised by the station superintendent has enabled the Indians to secure a greatly improved stand of cotton plants.

The development of an improved variety of Bermuda onions, begun some time ago, has been continued, and a field of seed onions of the past season has demonstrated the value of a seed-growing industry for the reservation.

Several years ago land was selected for an addition to the farm, to be used largely for seed production purposes. Work on this addition during the year has been necessarily of a developmental character, as the raw mesa land must be brought into proper tilth and supplied with humus before the best results can be obtained. The quantity and quality of the water supplied by the new wells drilled on this farm are most gratifying, and the pumping plants have been brought to the highest state of efficiency. The new land has responded to cultivation in a very satisfactory manner, and the growth of improved varieties of alfalfa, grain sorghums, and wheat gives promise that the purposes of the farm will be fully met sooner than was at first expected.

The date and olive work has profited much by the transfer from the cold night air of the river bottom land of the station to this new location. The growth and offshoot production of the date palms is much more rapid in the warmer situation. An offshoot propagation house has given splendid results in rooting shoots, which will be later distributed to the more progressive Indians.

Peach and plum trees and other deciduous fruits have started with excellent growth under irrigation from the alkali-free water of the new wells.

COOPERATIVE EXTENSION WORK. The States Relation Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, in cooperation. with the various State agricultural colleges, has an effective organization for the dissemination of agricultural information among the people of the different States, under the provisions of the SmithLever law. The Indians receive the benefits of this work on prac