HON. ARTHUR L. FRAZIER Judge Portland Juvenile Court.

On June the 10th, this year, the first session of the Juvenile Court was held by the Hon. Arthur L. Frazier, who had been appointed by the Judges of the Fourth Judicial District to preside over this Court. The Court was organized by the appointment by the Judge of Marion R. Johnson as Chief Probation Officer, W. T. Gardner, Millie R. Trumbull, H. H. Hawley, Lola G. Baldwin and Patrick Sullivan Deputy Probation Officers.

The new law as enacted by the Oregon Legislature last winter did not provide for the remuneration of either Probation Officers or Clerk. Immediately on assuming charge, Judge Frazier found it absolutely necessary to have some paid Probation Officers and also a Clerk. In this, the County Court assisted the Judge by appointing Mr. Marion R. Johnson Clerk, who was also made Chief Probation Officer. Mr. H. H. Hawley, who for some years has acted as Police Officer for the Boys' and Girls' Aid Society under the pay of the city, was also allowed by the Society to devote his entire time to the Juvenile Court. Mr. W. T. Gardner, Supt. of the Boys' and Girls' Aid Society, Mrs. Millie R. Trumbull, State Child Labor Commissioner, Mrs. Lola G. Baldwin, Supt. of the Travelers' Aid Society and Mr. Patrick Sullivan connected with the Catholic Sentinel were appointed to serve without pay.

Judge Arthur L. Frazier is the youngest Judge in the Fourth District, has a wife and a small family and is now serving his second term as Circuit Judge. He has an excellent legal mind, which is tempered by a kindly disposition especially toward children, and it is believed there could not be a better selection of a Juvenile Court Judge made in the State of Oregon.

The Chief Probation Officer, Mr. Marion R. Johnson, is a young man of excellent attainments, and although having had no previous experience with children, yet he is devoted to the cause and enters into the cases with all his heart and does not care if his duties confine him far into the night, for he has that perseverance which never tires, and in the direction of the other probation officers does not omit any detail that will be for their benefit or the benefit of the wards of the Court.

The Court holds sessions on every Saturday forenoon, and thus far 132 cases have actually come before the Court exclusive of about 37 settled outside.

A morning in Judge Frazier's Court:

The Judge on entering the Court room does not occupy the bench used in ordinary sessions of the Circuit Court, but sits in the witness chair on a level with the children who are brought before him, and his first care is to impress upon their minds the fact that it is not his aim to punish them, but to keep them from punishment and to make good and useful citizens out of them in the time to come. The probation officers are ranged around a

table near by and the police officers and others who have made complaints against children usually occupy the chairs used by jurors. Each case is made out on a card used for that purpose and the cards are handed in numerical order to the Court when the case is called. In all cases the parents are cited to appear, as well as the children.

"Eugene, a lad of 15, has been arrested by the Exposition police for the larceny of a camera. The boy tells a story about his living in an outside County with his parents and his mother and father being willing that he should go out into the world and fight the battle of life, and that the mother on parting with him handed him a revolver with the advice to take that and defend himself through life. This story did not quite suit the Court, so therefore he reminded the boy of the fact that the best way to get out of this trouble was to tell the truth; that he did not believe his parents had sent him away from home but thought that he had run away, which the boy finally confessed he had, and had stolen the revolver in question from his grand-father's trunk. The case was continued until the parents could be communicated with, when it was found that he had run away from home and given them considerable trouble in the past, and they asked that he be sent to the Reform School. But the Court, believing that it is wiser and less expensive to save children than to punish criminals, remanded him back to the care of the Boys' and Girls' Aid Society until the further order of the Court. Since being in the Institution, the boy has been very penitent and there is sincere hopes that he will do better on being released."

"Boy aged 15 was charged with the larceny of $10.00 from a trunk at the Fair Grounds where he was employed. Inquiry elicited the fact that his mother was a variety actress and had placed him with a woman in the suburbs of the city of Portland to board, and that he had been allowedto obtain employment at the Fair Grounds, but his custodian promising that she would see that he did not go near the Fair Grounds any more, the boy was finally placed on probation under the care of probation officer W. T. Gardner."

"Now comes a lot of little boys who had the audacity to go in swimming without wearing clothing prescribed by law. The Court. admonished the boys and told them that if any of them could not afford to get clothes to swim in, he would do his best to organize

was dead and the mother was not in a position to properly care for her, having to work every day, placed the child in the care of the Boys' and Girls' Aid Society for them to place her in a family home under their surveillance."

"A boy 12 was here brought in for talking badly to little girls. As usual, the mother appeared, who was a very respectble looking woman, and said that the boy had never done anything of the kind before and did not believe he had done so at this time; that the girls were more to blame than he, as they ran after him. It became necessary here for the Court to lecture the mother more than the boy and order the boy sent to the Boys' and Girls' Aid Society pending his further order."

"A little fellow aged 7 years was brought before the Court, complained of by a police officer for larceny of wood. The evidence in this case was most contradictory, the boy declaring that he had stolen no wood and the police officer stating that the boy had not only stolen the wood but had used very bad and vile language to both himself and his mother, and that in one instance he went to the house and was surprised to hear the mother using vile language toward the little boy. Persons of evident respecta ility living in the vicinity of the child's home stated that the boy had an excellent name in the community and that they could not believe he would ever use obscene or bad language, also spoke well of his home. This seemed to be a difficult case to unravel, but the Court continued it for a week to enable the officers to get at the truth of the matter."

In conjunction with the Juvenile Court, an organization is now in existence known as the Juvenile Improvement Ass'n. It is the work of this organization to improve the condition of poor children, to find them employment, organize clubs and do all they can to elevate their minds and so keep them from getting into mischief. The officers of this organization are Hon. A. L. Frazier, President; Mr. B. S. Pague, Vice President; Mrs. Millie R .Trumbull, Sec'y. A communication has been sent to all the charitable institutions in the vicinity of Portland to name a delegate as one of the Board of Directors of this organization.

THE WORK OF THE BOYS' AND GIRLS' AID SOCIETY OF OREGON.

The work of this Society is to rescue homeless, neglected or abused children of Oregon; to receive "Juvenile Offenders" (by legal commitment or otherwise), who are in danger of being imprisoned, and to provide for such until suitable homes or employment is found for them, and continue a systematic attention to their condition and treatment.

This Society does not receive or care for boys who are found to be vicious, but simply children who may have been unfortunate enough to get into some little trouble through the neglect of their parents or want of knowledge on their part.

The principal work of the Society is the care of homeless, neglected or abused children of the state, who are sent to the Home by commitment from all the Counties of the State, and as speedily as possible these children are placed in family homes. The work is quite similar to that done by the State School at Owatonna, Minn.

The report of the last fiscal year shows that over 400 children were received and cared for by this Society. They have now upwards of 500 children out in family homes, and Mr. W. T. Gardner, Supt. of the Institution, is now districting the state and placing District Superintendents in charge of the different territories, whose duty it is to more thoroughly look out for the interests of abused or neglected children.

The work is at this time in a very healthy condition and perhaps has never been so prosperous as in the past few years.

THE CARE OF THE CHILD.

The organization of a branch of the national committee on child labor connects Milwaukee with one of the most important movements now going forward. Its mission is that of enforcing law and shaping public sentiment, not a very onerous task in a city provided with the entire machinery of truant officers, juvenile, court and factory inspector for the protection of children. But there is territory enough outside Wisconsin where missionary work remains to be done. In the industrial southern states, particularly Georgia, conditions pass belief. The cotton manufacturing industry of the south owes much of its prosperity to the reckless exploiting of children, hardly more than infants, whose vitality is sapped before they have well entered upon the period of youth. Similar abuses exist in certain states at the north, among them New Jersey and Pennsylvania, two states disgracefully backward in protecting children from the inevitable deteri

oration of wage earning. In neither of them is night work prohibited: glass making and mining are industries in which childish health and strength are consumed as recklessly as fuel. Not until night work for children is absolutely forbidden in every state, and child labor laws are as favorable in every state as in Wisconsin, will the necessity for work in behalf of helpless childhood cease.

An article in the National Review by the noted philanthropist Sir John Gorst discusses children's rights according to the most enlightened conception. Children have rights duly recnized by law, and other moral rights well nigh as binding. They are recognized as having a double claim, on their parents and on society, and if the parents fail society must intervene. The infant has rights in which the law protects it even before it is born. At birth it becomes endowed with certain definite civil rights. It is entitled to be fed, lodged clothed and educated until old enough to care for itself. This claim is primarily upon the parents. If they neglect their duty wilfully, the state is under obligation to coerce or punish them; if they are unable to do it, the state is bound to provide for the child. A baby's first right, says Sir John, is to its mother's milk; failing that, to pure, uncontaminated cow's milk, the best substitute available. In discharging its duty to the child, society owes instruction to the ignorant in bringing up children by hand, accomplished in England by the distribution of leaflets and by house to house visitation. But still more indispensable is the provision of pure milk fit for infants' food in sealed bottles. In some English municipalities this is done at public expense, but in most American cities the same end is attained by private charity.

Next after the right to maintenance comes the right to go to school. At this stage it is possible for society, by watchful care, to counteract disorders due to home ignorance and neglect. The health of all public school children should be regularly examined into, defectives being taught separately, and shortcomings in eyesight, hearing, or any physical quality remedied whenever possible. This is already part of the programme in New York schools; Supt. Pearse has proposed introducing the same care in Milwaukee. A kindred matter, that of seeing that children in school are properly fed, has recently been brought to the attention of the school make this a necessity, and eve nin prosperous Milwaukee public. In London slums the half starved specimens sent to the wholesome hot luncheons provided at noon for a trifling sum have been found welcome and acceptable. Perfect sanitary arrangements are the due of children at school, and furthermore, when housed in the huge, buildings used as city schools, to have adequate provision made, for their escape in case of fire.

There are what might be styled the child's inalienable rights. Put another imperative need of the child's nature is play, and to have a place to play in free from danger, open to air and sunlight, where lungs and limbs may expand together in the natural exercise of healthy play. In crowded cities, civic authorities find this demand grows more pressing year by year. Next summer New York will provide for her children eighty-eight play-grounds, ten more to which mothers may take their babies, and fourteen roof play-grounds. The number of recreation centers will be raised from twenty-one to twenty-nine, while the work of vacation schools is deemed so important that next year they will number forty-three. Public baths will be kept open the year round. Does not this suggest that Milwaukee is making scant provision for the health and happiness of her children, and that play-grounds and recreation centers should be provided to keep them off the streets? A mere trifle would make the beach available for bathing, and more than one vacant lot could be fitted up for a playground.

More fundamental than the right to play is the children's right as wage carners when their services begin to be of value to society. They are entitled to protection against the greed of parents on the one side and employers on the other, and such protection is imperfectly granted or almost wholly denied in a majority of states. There are those like Wisconsin and Massaare chusetts, where the child labor laws all they ought to be, but these laws will never be made uniform until the public conscience is aroused. Good food and proper care from the school age on would develop most children into strong and healthy men and women. But, writes Sir John, "we salve our consciences with some plausible maxim about parental responsibility and leave them to their fate. And later on we receive from our criminals, our lunatics, our cripples, our incurables, and our paupers the just reward of our deeds, the just punishment of the injustice of which they were victims in their helpless infancy."

DR. THOMAS J. BARNARDO.

Died Sept. 18th, 1905.

RESCUED 51,000 CHILDREN.

Just sixty years ago Dr. Barnardo, perhaps the greatest of philanthropists, was born in Ireland. Certainly his name is not Irish, but his father was a Spaniard who had emigrated to Ireland many years before and married an Irish woman.

Young Barnardo was intended by his father to become a great London doctor, instead of which he started his first hoine for waifs and strays when scarcely out of his teens, and has since spent forty years in the slums of London.

Fifty-one thousand children were dragged by him out of depths of misery, eleven are rescued every day all the year round, and in this great charity over $12,000,000 have been disbursed.

Much of the searching for these slum children was done by Barnardo himself. The most sordid haunts have held no fears for him. Once when leaving the slums he was followed by two men for three miles. At last he turned and faced them. "What do you want?" he asked. Then they told him that their comrades had arranged to kill him that night and they had followed him to protect him.

On another occasion he was set upon by a number of girls in Drury Lane and cruelly beaten with sticks because he had taken a half-starved child from their midst and placed it in one of the homes. The late owners had kept the child in this condition in order that it might be used to draw alms from passers-by.

About one-third of the children rescued afterwards go to the colonies and were started in business by Dr. Barnardo; the rest are found employment in England. Finally, it may be said that Dr. Barnardo possessed albums containing nearly 100,000 photographs, a portrait being taken of each child on entering the homes and another when it leaves.

It will interest all our readers to learn how Dr. Barnardo came to be "the father of nobody's children." Early in life he dedicated himself to foreign missionary work and took up the study of medicine to prepare himself for it. During this time

FOUR ORPHAN SISTERS.

he spent Sundays and two nights each week teaching in a school for ragged urchins in East London. This school was conducted in an old donkey stable. One night a ten-year-old, typical product of the slums lingered by his side and pleaded to be allowed to remain over night. Dr. Barnardo asked him why he did not go to his mother, to which he replied, "Ain't got no mother." "But your father?" "Ain't got no father." "Where are your friends and your home?" "Ain't got no friends don't live nowhere!" Dr. Barnardo thought he was lying. The boy assured him that there were "heaps" like him, "More'n I could count!" So the Doctor persuaded Jim to guide him to the "don't-live-nowhere" headquarters.

He was led to an old shed with an iron roof, which he succeeed in climbing, and there lay eleven boys without any covering except the rags in which they were clothed. It was a bitterly cold night and the awfulness of the whole thing stole over Dr. Barnardo's mind. It seemed to him that God for the moment drew aside the curtain which had hidden from view the "untold misery of East London child life." This question burned into his soul, "Why should these have nothing and I and countless others have all we need?"

Jim asked, "Shall we go to another lay; there are lots more." But Dr. Barnardo had seen enough for that night, and the sight haunted him until he vowed before God to dedicate his life to the work of saving the street Arabs.

But what was he to do? He was only one, a stranger in London, and without financial resources. Shortly after this he was invited to a dinner, at which were present prominent and Here he related what he had seen. As the wealthy persons. company were incredulous he took them that very night to some of these scenes, and thus the way was opened for him to begin work in a small way.

One must not imagine for a moment that this wonderful work was developed without the most painstaking effort. Dr. Barnardo said: "I have been time and again hunted like a mad dog down the streets of East London. Although I escaped with my life, it was not without bruises, and occasionally a broken bone. Sometimes in the midst of a street address I would be overwhelmed by an avalanche of slops, emptied from an upstairs window over my head."

Dr. Barnardo early discovered that institutions do not place the proper mould upon children, so he built a village in the country consisting of fifty cottages, all overgrown with climbing vines, surrounded with shrubs and trees and beautiful flower beds. Each of these cottages has a "mother" and about twenty girls, and is in every particular a complete home in itself. Each child is taught the mysteries of home-making. Every effort is made to cultivate family love and to study and develop individual character.

HON. WILLIS BROWN, JUDGE OF THE JUVENILE COURT, SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH.

The spirit of the Juvenile court law is being made manifest at the Industrial School of Reform. Superintendent Allison tells me there has been a marked improvement in the conduct of the boys who have been committed to his care. The pas few months have witnessed almost a revolution in that institution.

I commenced several months ago to put boys on their honor and send them to the school alone. The Judges in the other counties have not yet taken this course and it has become a mark of disgrace when an officer accompanies a boy to the school. An incident that came under my own observation a few days ago serves to illustrate this.

I had sent three boys to the Industrial school, giving them their own commitment papers. It happened that I went to Ogden on the same train with them, to visit my wife, who has been ill in Ogden canyon. When I got off the train the boys saw me and appeared to be somewhat depressed. I assured them that I had not come along to spy on them and told them they had better hustle and catch the car, standing near the depot, that would take them to the school. Just then the car started. Those three kids let out a yell to the motorman to stop the car and hustled aboard, clinging tightly each to a large envelope.

"Where are those boys going?" a gentleman asked of me. I told him and he asked: "What have they in those envelopes ?"

I informed him that those were their commitment papers. He looked in wonder at the boys and then remarked: "Well, I have known of boys who would run to keep out of school, but I never in my life saw a boy hustle like that to get into school." Every boy in the Industrial school but four was taken a few weeks ago on a camping trip in one of the canyons about Ogden. They were put on their honor not to attempt to run away. That camp lasted for ten days and there was not a particle of trouble.

They made their own laws and observed them. They went swimming and fishing and were entirely free to give the "hotfoot" if they so desired. There were about seventy boys in that camping party and not one made the least efforts to escape. They came back to school in good health and spirits. Their

camp was conducted in as good order as that of the Y. M. C. A. boys, who had their outing a short time before.

The boys in the Industrial school are no longer "inmates." They are "Industrial School Cadets." I was there the other day when their uniforms arrived, and a prouder lot of youngsters you never saw. They will undergo regular drill and discipline, and I doubt if you will find a better trained lot of school boys in that state after a few months than those fellows in the Industrial school.

I believe there is some good hidden somewhere in every boy's nature and when that is brought out and cultivated that boy will be all right and will grow up to be a good citizen. When the Industrial school is brought to the basis of hunting out the good in the boys instead of merely punishing them for wrongdoing, the school, as it has already begun, will be a power for good.

The Juvenile court law aims at this method of dealing with youthful delinquents. Delinquency is a new term in law, but it is getting recognition. The Juvenile court idea is growing. Juvenile courts, carried out in the proper spirit, will work wonders with the youth of any community.

A TWO WEEKS' REPORT OF SALT LAKE CITY
JUVENILE COURT.

Our law enables us to get at things. One boy arrested for being drunk brought us four other boys, a saloon-keeper and three tobacco dealers. This is why we have such a large number, we keep going until we reach the end. What we want to do is to find out what and who makes the delinquency and punish these and correct the abuses.

Divided the cases so far have been:
Boys, Stealing

Incorrigibility

25

...

. 6

We have one of the best chief probation officers in the country Capt. M. M. Woods a great student of the problem. A lady probation officer Mrs. L. L. Young and Sidney Bamberger and two truant officers.

We have a movement under way for a detention home. We have a centrally located Free Play ground, with running track, etc. The people are giving us their hearty support and so long as we stay here to conduct this court the adults who contribute to the delinquency of children will get the limit. Our Juvenile Court Commission consist of the Mayor, City Supt. of Schools and the Chief of Police.

Juvenile Court Record

PUBLISHED BY THE VISITATION AND AID SOCIETY

T. D. HURLEY, President and Editor

79 Dearborn Street, Chicago, III.

Associate Editors

HON. B. B. LINDSEY, Judge, Juvenile Court
Denver, Colorado

THOMAS WALSH, Chief Clerk

New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children 297 4th Ave., New York

W. A. GARDNER, Chief Probation Officer, Juvenile Court Portland, Oregon

J. L. CLARK, Business Manager 79 Dearborn St., Chicago, III.

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EDITORIAL

Children of the Street

Of late Chicago has been making gratifying progress

in the work of safeguarding children who lack proper home guardianship from vicious influences and protecting them in their right to enjoy the conditions natural in wholesome child life. That the officials intrusted with this work must continue to act on the aggressive is shown by facts elicited last week in the juvenile court. It appears from the testimony of a number of boys and girls that the practice of sending children out on the public streets to beg has not yet been suppressed. Nineteen of these juvenile mendicants, some of them under 9 years of age, were arrested in a single day.

Judge Mack of the juvenile court announces that he will take such steps as may be needed to wipe out this shameful and long-standing abuse. Children found begging are to be brought before the court and put under the care of probation officers. Mercenary parents or guardians who persist in forcing them to beg will be punished. It is to be hoped that there will be a rigorous application of these measures until child mendicancy has been abolished in Chicago permanently. Similar efforts heretofore have brought only temporary results, the children being sent back to the streets again as soon as the practice had ceased to be a matter of public comment.

If the various efforts now being made for the protection of children are to bring proper results there should be systematic and cordial co-operation among all the different agencies engaged in the work. The laws relating to children distribute among several officials duties which are identical in their ultimate object. The state factory inspector prevents the employment of children under age and in sweatshops. The juvenile court probation officers watch over delinquents. The superintendent of compulsory education looks after truants from the public schools. The more closely these various agencies keep in touch, each making its work complementary to that of the others, the more successful they will be in remedying the evil conditons to which the children of the city are exposed. -Chicago Daily News.