for the remaining 11 percent of the September claimants. Age. More than 6 out of 10 men claimants in both surveys were in their prime working years (25-54), and among the women, nearer 7 out of 10. Men and women age 55 and over constituted 26 percent in September and 24 percent in May. The proportion of claimants under 25 remained constant at 12 percent. Among the women, there were slightly larger proportions in both the older and younger groups in September, with the principal change occurring in the 65 and over group. The average age of male claimants was somewhat greater in September than in May; men 55 and over made up 32 percent of the total in September, 27 percent in May. Most of the increase took place among those 65 and over. Part of this increase resulted from the TEUC act's requirement that claimants receiving retirement pensions connected with prior employment have their weekly TEUC benefit check reduced by the amount of their pension, prorated on a weekly 'basis. However, their entitlement to TEUC was not reduced, so these claimants could continue to draw at the lower weekly rate for many more weeks than would normally be the case. Consequently, such claimants were more likely than others to be included in the sample for a given week, as well as in that for each succeeding survey. However, the May-September rise in the proportion of older TEUC claimants paralleled a similar trend among regular program claimants. The percentage of TEUC claimants who got reduced weekly benefits because of their private pensions was larger in September than in May though still small—5 percent compared with 3 percent, and most of these were men. Among claimants in one-person households, the later survey revealed about the same age distribution as the earlier survey: 60 percent were 45 and over in both instances. Primary earners in multi, person households were somewhat older in September, while married secondary earners showed somewhat larger percentages among both the older and younger age groups. However, workers age 25-54 • Section 7 of the act provides that extended benefits shall be reduced "by any amount received. . . as a retirement pension or annuity under a public or private retirement plan or system provided, or contributed to, by any base period employer." still made up more than 7 out of 10 of the married secondary earners in both surveys. Unmarried secondary earners studied in September were slightly older than those in May, although they were still primarily a young group. Those under 25 years of age amounted to 37 percent and 41 percent in the respective surveys. The largest shift in age occurred among the primary earners in multiperson households, who made up almost half of all claimants. The proportion of primary earners age 55 and over increased from 29 percent in May to 33 percent in September. At the same time, the proportion in their prime working years (age 25-54) fell from 65 to 60 percent. Dependents. Except for primary earners, the proportion of TEUC claimants having dependents was lower in September than in May. Almost all primary earners had some dependents, although the September group tended to have somewhat fewer; 54 percent had two or more dependents in September, compared with 60 percent in the earlier survey. In the remaining family status categories, from 11 to 13 percent had one or more dependents in September; from 16 to 22 percent in the earlier survey. As a whole, 52 percent of all TEUC claimants in the later study had dependents, compared with 59 percent in the earlier survey. Labor Force Status of Other Household Members. Two-thirds of the primary earner claimants in both the May and September surveys lived in households where no one else was employed. A small decline from May was reported in the proportion of married secondary earner claimants living in households where no others were employed, but such claimants still numbered 1 out of 10 in September. However, between one-fifth and onequarter of the unmarried secondary earners were the only household members working at the time of the surveys. Most of these were in households where no other member was in the labor force. In both survey months, roughly 1 out of 6 primary earners lived in households where some other member was also unemployed. September, in contrast to May, showed smaller proportions of married and unmarried secondary earner claimants living in households where there was other unemployment. Work Experience Industry and Occupation. As in May, most September claimants originated in the manufacturing industries. Slightly less than half, compared with 55 percent in May, had been employed last in factories-29 percent in durable goods and 20 percent in nondurable goods industries in September, compared with 34 and 20 percent, respectively, in May. (See table 1.) A corresponding increase occurred in the proportion of claimants employed last in trade-17 percent in May and 21 percent in September. Just over half of the women and somewhat less than half of the men in September had come from manufacturing jobs. However, the decrease from May was larger for women than for men. The industry attachment of TEUC claimants in September was virtually the same as that of regular claimants. Paralleling the decline in the proportion of claimants from manufacturing, unskilled and semiskilled workers together made up a somewhat smaller group in September (52 percent) than in May, when they had comprised 60 percent of TEUC claimants. The percentage from skilled occupations was unchanged at 14 percent, however. Thus, 2 out of 3 TEUC claimants in the later month, compared with 3 out of 4 in the earlier, were classified in one of these blue-collar occupational groups. At the same time, claimants from clerical and sales occupations rose from 14 to 19 percent of the total. Work History. A major aim of the surveys was to ascertain the prior work experience of TEUC claimants. Each one interviewed was asked to state, with respect to each of the 36 months prior to filing for TEUC benefits, whether he had been employed or unemployed or both, whether he had received unemployment insurance benefits, or whether he had been out of the labor force altogether. May and September TEUC claimants showed substantial contrast in their employment and unemployment experience during the 3-year period examined. In the earlier survey, 2 out of 3 of the claimants studied had exhausted their regular State benefits prior to the start of the TEUC program in April 1961, compared with less than 1 out of 14 among September claimants. Most of the backlog claimants in May had had no interim employment and therefore showed many more months with unemployment. About the same proportion of the claimants in both May and September-75 and 73 percent, respectively-had been in the labor force during all of the preceding 36 months (table 2). More of the men than the women (many of whom were secondary earners) were in the labor force the whole period, and virtually all of the men and nine-tenths of the women had been in the labor force during at least 2 of the 3 years. Another 7 percent of the claimants in both surveys, probably housewives and young people just leaving school, had entered the labor force during the period studied. The remaining 18-20 percent of the claimants had left the labor force at some time during the 36-month period. Withdrawing from the labor force was more than twice as prevalent among the women as among the men, but only a small proportion of either left the labor force 30 more than once. TABLE 1. INDUSTRY AND OCCUPATION OF LAST Job of Men Wom- Both Men Wom en sexes on 100 1 All industries. 100 100 100 100 100 Construction. 11 17 1 11 Manufacturing. 55 52 NOTE: Some distributions do not add to 100 percent because of rounding or because of exclusion of some claimants for whom information was not available. In May 1961, 43 percent of the TEUC claimants had had employment in 24 or more months during the 3 years studied. In September, indicating the relative absence of backlog claimants, the proportion was 57 percent. The increase was evenly divided among those with 24-29 months of employment and those with 30 or more in the 36 months. Both men and women claimants from ABLE 2. LABOR FORCE STATUS OF TEUC CLAIMANTS IN THE 36-MONTH PERIOD PRIOR TO FILING CLAIM, BY SEX AND FAMILY STATUS, MAY AND SEPTEMBER 1961 the September survey reported more months of employment than did those filing in May. The same was true for each family status group-the secondary and primary earners in multiperson households, as well as those living alone. When employed, only 4 percent of TEUC claimants in both May and September had primarily part-time work. Nearly three-fourths had worked full time, and the remainder had held primarily full-time jobs. Claimants in both surveys had substantially more months unemployed than months compensated. However, the amount of uncompensated 31 22224 14321 15 17 13 18 23 24 22 13 13 42221 1 32 30 21 16 648132 47 49 25 25 24 25 17 16 17 18 10 10 10 482133 142212 682081 unemployment was less in September than in May, again reflecting the sharply reduced numbers of backlog claimants in September. Whereas in May, about two-thirds of the claimants in the labor force all 36 months had unemployment in at least 12 months and about one-third received benefits in 12 or more months; in September, the comparable proportions were one-half and threetenths. In both the May and September 1961 surveys, TEUC claimants, by and large, had used up all their benefits only once in the 3-year period for which data were obtained-78 percent in May and 81 percent in September. Union Trusteeships Under the LMRDA EDITOR'S NOTE.-Pursuant to section 305 of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959, the Secretary of Labor was required to submit to Congress a report of operations under title III-trusteeships-3 years after the law's enactment. This article represents excerpts from that report and a study made by the Bureau of Labor-Management Reports which accompanied it. Footnotes are not included, and for ease of reading, omissions from the text have not been indicated. The Secretary's Report A total of 777 trusteeships were reported to the Department of Labor during the 21⁄2 years following enactment of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959.1 By the cutoff date for this study (March 13, 1962), 590 of these were terminated, leaving 187 unions under trusteeship. This 187 contrasts with 487 unions under trusteeship on September 14, 1959-the effective date of the act. [See accompanying chart.] Only about one-fourth of all national unions subject to the act have reported any trusteeships. Of the 70 organizations that have reported trusteeships, 23 had only one in effect at any time during the study period. During the past 2% years, new trusteeships have continued to be imposed at a rate averaging about 10 per month. An analysis of the financial reports shows that the typical union under trusteeship is small, with assets of about $1,750 and annual receipts slightly in excess of $6,000. The Bureau of Labor-Management Reports has instituted investigations of 306 reported trusteeships or alleged violations of the trusteeship provisions. Of the 264 investigations which have been closed, 199 disclosed no violations of title III. Sixty-five established violations of title III, but in each, the union imposing the trusteeship voluntarily corrected the matter. The violations found ranged from technical deficiencies in a report to illegal establishment or continuance of a trusteeship. Operation of the trusteeship provisions of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act during the first 2%1⁄2 years supports the following conclusions: (1) When the act became effective, trusteeships existed in less than 1 percent of the covered unions. Now, less than half that percentage are involved. (2) The act has been effective in correcting the malpractices disclosed by the McClellan Committee. Further, a large number of trusteeships, while not corrupt, were unnecessarily continued and have now been terminated. (3) Many national union constitutions have been amended to provide greater safeguards against unnecessary suspension of autonomy. (4) Indications are that the act has not substantially hindered unions from establishing essential trusteeships. (5) The reporting and disclosure of the facts surrounding trusteeships, and the active cooperation of the vast majority of unions and union officers, have resulted in substantial compliance with the law with a minimum need for enforcement. Study by BLMR All but 37 of the 777 trusteeships reported to the Department were imposed over local unions (including three subunits or plant units of amalgamated local unions). The number of separate organizations that have actually experienced a suspension of autonomy is slightly less than 777 trusteeships, since there have been six instances reported of the same local organization undergoing two trusteeships between September 14, 1959, and March 13, 1962. Of the 740 trusteeships that had been imposed over local organizations, 574 were terminated prior to March 14, 1962, leaving 166 on that date. Of the 37 trusteeships imposed [by 10 national unions] over intermediate bodies, 16 were terminated. A very sizable proportion of all terminations occurred during the months immediately following the passage of the act; almost half of the 487 trustee 1 A trusteeship is any method of supervision or control whereby a labor organization suspends the autonomy otherwise available to a subordinate body under its constitution or bylaws. The practice dates back to the 19th century, but was extremely rare until the development of strong national unions. During hearings of the McClellan Committee (the Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field), it was disclosed that trusteeship was used sometimes for the purpose of "milking" local treasuries or undemocratically controlling votes to perpetuate power. To correct abuses, provisions covering trusteeships were enacted as title III of the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 on September 14, 1959. ships in effect on September 14, 1959, had been terminated by the end of the year 1959. Affiliates of the AFL-CIO reported 506 of the 777 trusteeships; almost one-half of the 506 trusteeships were imposed by four organizations: Carpenters (74); Steelworkers (80); Automobile Workers (52); and Hotel, Restaurant Employees (41). Unaffiliated national unions reported 271 trusteeships; all but 49 of the 271 were imposed by three organizations: United Mine Workers, District 50 (127); Teamsters (67); and United Mine Workers (28). The three national unions-Teamsters, Bakery Workers (Ind.), and Operating Engineers-that figured prominently in the McClellan Committee hearings with respect to the trusteeship device reported a total of 79 trusteeships in effect as of September 14, 1959. As of March 13, 1962, these same unions were reporting a total of 12 trusteeships, only one of which had been established prior to the signing of the act. Reasons for Establishing Trusteeships. Examination of the initial and semiannual trusteeship information reports showed that only 707 of the reported trusteeships had classifiable reasons, and 70 did not state substantive reasons. [See accompanying table.] Classification of reasons found in reports filed for the 707 trusteeships was based upon the allowed purposes set forth in section 302 of the act; the last broad purpose was further divided into a number of more specific categories. To correct corruption or financial malpractices (7 percent): This includes trusteeships imposed because of actual or alleged embezzlement of funds or criminal conduct of officers or members. Included are reports stating that unaccounted shortages existed in the subordinate's funds. Not included are trusteeships established for failure of subordinates to pay per capita tax or other debts. Thirty-six of the seventy parent unions reported imposition of 57 trusteeships over 55 local unions and 2 intermediate bodies for the purpose of correcting corruption or financial malpractices. District 50 suspended the autonomy of approximately 1 out of every 14 of its local affiliates. All but six of these trusteeships were imposed prior to the act, and as of March 13, 1962, none of District 50's subordinate organizations was reported under trusteeship. Sixty-four whose reports did not contain reasons were ended before January 1960, within 312 months following passage of the act. To assure performance of collective bargaining agreements (11 percent): This includes trusteeships established to assist weak locals or locals whose officers fail to negotiate adequate collective bargaining agreements or properly administer existing agreements. In addition, it includes trusteeships imposed because of unauthorized or "wildcat" strikes or because of complications arising out of authorized strikes. Twenty-eight national unions assumed supervision over 81 local unions and 1 intermediate body. To restore democratic procedures (7 percent): This includes trusteeships established because of improper election procedures, inability to maintain orderly meetings, coercion of rank-and-file members, or domination of the subordinate organizations through denial of democratic rights. Fifty trusteeships reported by 29 parent labor organizations were established over local unions. To otherwise carry out legitimate objects of the labor organization (75 percent): All but 12 of the 70 parent organizations reported trusteeships classified under this broad purpose. This category accounts for 74 percent of all reasons given for trusteeships over local unions and all but 3 of the 39 reasons cited for intermediate bodies. Reasons cited in the reports have been further classified to present a more meaningful analysis. 1. Caretaker (34 percent) [includes] trusteeships established because the subordinate body cannot |