placed their territory under the protection of the Transvaal, and granted lands to Boers who had taken part in the war. This treaty lacks the ratification of the suzerain power. The frontier war did not cease. English filibusters rushed in, on the pretext of supporting the cause of the worsted party. The white participants increased, until Bechuanaland was occupied by adventurers from the Transvaal, the Orange Free State, and the English colonies. The cattle and the lands adjacent to the streams were taken away from the natives belonging to the defeated party. Many of the Bechuanas were reduced to starvation. The Transvaal Government excused the aggressions of the Dutch on the ground that the boundary-line fixed by the Pretoria convention was unfair and injurious to the Boers. When Mr. Fox, their Secretary of State, was called to account for signing a treaty, he replied that his action was not in violation of the convention, but was the consequence of a defect in the convention.

In February, 1883, Lord Derby, British Colonial Secretary, proposed that the Cape Government should organize a police to prevent the incursion of British subjects into Bechuana-land. Sir Hercules Robinson replied that the only remedy would be to send a military force to occupy the country and clear it of white filibusters. The lands which were seized by the Boers, and from which Mankoroane and Montsiva and their people were expelled, were those which they had formerly held, but of which the Pretoria convention had deprived them. The pretended volunteers of Moshette and Massouw who retook the lands by force, had the approval of the Transvaal Government and people, and the sympathy of all the Dutch in South Africa. When Sir Hercules Robinson proposed that the disturbed district should be guarded by a mounted police, the expense of which should be divided between the British Government, the Cape of Good Hope, the Orange Free State, and the Transvaal Republic, the Cape Government were unwilling, the Orange Free State declined on the ground that its Constitution forbade such ause of its forces, and Triumvir Kruger answered for the Transvaal that his colleagues were absent, at the same time expressing his surprise that a remedy should be proposed that was worse than the disease, and saying that the cause of the difficulty is the boundary-line fixed by the convention. A commission constituted by the Volksraad, the 3d of June, 1882, to put an end to the controversy, was instructed to regard the boundary as established in the dis

allowed treaties with Moshette and Montsiva.

Mankoroane, no longer lord of his territory, which was in part apportioned out among the white volunteers, made a formal appeal to the British Government to annex his country. On the confines of the Transvaal the marauders, Dutchmen from all parts of South Africa, and English adventurers, many of them deserters from the British army, had set up an independent republic, under the name of Stellaland, and elected a president of their own. This comunity of outlaws numbered about 2,000 souls. CARLISLE, John Griffin, an American statesman, born in Campbell co., Ky., Sept. 5, 1835.

JOHN GRIFFIN CARLISLE.

He received a common-school education, and became a teacher. Afterward he studied law, and in 1858 was admitted to the Kentucky bar, where he gradually built up an extensive and lucrative practice. He was elected to the lower house of the Legislature in 1859, and to the State Senate in 1866 and 1869. He was a delegate to the National Democratic Convention held in New York in 1868, he was Lieutenant-Governor of Kentucky from 1871 to 1875, and in 1876 was a presidential elector. He was elected to Congress the same year, taking his seat in March, 1877, and has been a member ever since. He soon became prominent as

a Democratic leader, especially as a member of the Committee of Ways and Means, and attracted attention by an able speech on revenue reform. This and the revival of American shipping he looks upon as the important questions now before the country. In the speech referred to he said: "In the broad and sweeping sense which the use of the term generally implies, I am not a free-trader. Of course, that is understood. At least it should be. I will add that in my judgment it will be years yet before anything in the nature of free trade would be wise or practicable for the United States. When we speak of this subject we refer to approximate free trade, which has no idea of crippling the growth of home industries, but simply of scaling down the iniquities of the tariff schedule, where they are utterly out of proportion to the demands of that growth. After we have calmly stood by and allowed monopolies to grow fat, we should not be asked to make them bloated. Our enormous surplus revenues are illogical and oppressive. It is entirely undemocratic to continue these burdens on the people for years and years after the requirements of protection have been met and the representatives of these industries have become incrusted with wealth. This is the general proposition on which I stand." On the organization of Congress in December, 1883, Mr. Carlisle received the Democratic nomination for Speaker of the House of Representatives, and was elected.

CARPETS. Progress of the Industry.-No better carpets are made in America now than were made twenty years ago. Indeed, as early as 1851 an American inventor-the late Erastus B. Bigelow, of Massachusetts-showed English weavers (who were then making more and better carpets for general use than any other people) that success in weaving bodyBrussels carpets by power had been fully achieved in America.

Specimens of Bigelow Brussels carpets were exhibited at the Great Exhibition in London in 1851, but not till after the prizes had been awarded. In a supplement to their report the jury said: "The specimens of Brussels carpeting exhibited by Mr. E. B. Bigelow are woven by a power-loom invented and patented by him, and are better and more perfectly woven than any hand-loom goods that have come under the notice of the jury. This, however, is a very small part of their merit, or rather that of Mr. Bigelow, who has completely triumphed over the numerous obstacles that presented themselves, and succeeded in substituting steam-power for manual labor in the manufacture of five-frame Brussels carpets. Several patents have been taken out by different inventors in this country for effecting the same object; but as yet none of them have been brought into successful operation; and the honor of the achievement, one of great practical difficulty as well as of great commercial value, must be awarded to a native of the United States."

The Centennial Exhibition.-The American Centennial Exhibition gave a great and lasting impetus to carpet manufacture; the exhibit of foreign carpets stimulating our manufacturers, color artists, and weavers to an emulation which, in the brief period since elapsed, has transformed a struggling industry into one of the most stately proportions. This expansion has been evidenced in Philadelphia especially by the remodeling of old and the erection of new factories, the undertaking of hitherto rare and costly fabrics, and the substitution on an extensive scale of power for hand looms.

Looms.-English manufacturers adopted the Bigelow patents, and till within a recent period continued furnishing us with body-Brussels carpets for which we had first provided them a power-loom. At home, meanwhile, the Bigelow Carpet Company held fast to their discovery, and remained, until the lapse of their patent-rights, the principal power-loom bodyBrussels weavers in the United States.

It is safe, too, to assert that all looms now employed in England and the United States in the weaving of body-Brussels, Wiltons, and tapestry-Brussels carpets may be traced, in the principles of their construction, to the original Bigelow loom. This is largely true, too, of ingrain-weaving. Mr. Bigelow invented a loom for ingrains, which produces a fabric of great excellence, and is now in general use in the older New England factories. Besides the Bigelow Company, two manufacturing firms, E. S. Higgins & Co., of New York city, and John and James Dobson, of Philadelphia, are entitled to the distinction of first undertaking on a large scale the production of high-grade power-woven carpets in America. Indeed, E. B. Bigelow's patent for weaving body-Brussels and tapestry carpets was first employed by E. S. Higgins & Co. on tapestries only, and subsequently the present_Bigelow Company applied the invention to Brussels and Wilton fabrics. In Philadelphia, no carpets other than common ingrains were made prior to 1872.

Since Mr. Bigelow's time but one ingrainloom has been invented in the United States which has proved wholly free from objection, and been regularly adopted. This is known as the "Murkland loom," the invention of William Murkland, of Massachusetts, who died a few years since. The Murkland loom is noted for its fine shading qualities, for its great productiveness, ease of manipulation, and general adaptation to ingrain-weaving, to which it is confined. It is now used almost wholly by new manufacturers.

Equally ingenious, though less adapted to general use, was the Duckworth ingrain loom, produced under the patronage of Messrs. E. S. Higgins & Co., by John C. Duckworth, a young inventor who died in 1882.

A signal triumph, and by far the most important, lately achieved in America in mechanism for high-grade carpet-weaving, was the loom

our markets, have again been offered and sold here, but at prices not below those asked for similar goods of American origin.

Location of Factories.-The late A. T. Stewart lived to see the decadence of the trade in foreign carpets (first largely undertaken by him in New York), and, determining on manufacture, built, just prior to his death in 1876, an extensive carpet-factory at Groversville, Dutchess co., N. Y. The first roll of carpet from his looms was finished about the day of his death. The Glenham Carpet-Mills, such being their name, now have a capacity for operating 200 power-looms, and for producing annually 2,000,000 yards. Body-Brussels, Wilton, tapestry-velvet, and tapestry-Brussels carpets, also rugs and mats of the same fabrics, besides ingrain carpets, are produced by the Stewart Mills.

It is noteworthy that while New York city distributes through its jobbing houses the greater percentage of the carpets made in the United States, yet only one carpet-factory of importance that of E. S. Higgins & Co.—exists in the city proper. This was among the first important factories established in the United States, and has expanded into enormous proportions, covering now several acres of ground, and giving daily employment to more than two thousand persons.

The particular locations of factories comprised in the preceding statistics, also the several carpet fabrics made at each point in the several States, are substantially as follow:

of absolute.y new industries. In Philadelphia, not only have these improvements been observed to a most remarkable degree, but new factories, considerably more than the last statistics disclose, and of a most important kind, have been added to the old. The factories, too, reckoned as such in the census of 1870 were, in reality, many of them petty ingrain mills, employing rude hand-looms and producing a low grade of goods. These have largely been transformed into dignified industries, power being used instead of hand-weav ing, and better goods produced. In Philadelphia, twelve years ago, only ingrain carpets were made; now there is no fabric known to the art, save the one of moquette and the productions of the East, which does not leave Philadelphia looms.

The annexed table shows the comparative state of the industry in Philadelphia in the two years, 1870 and 1882, according to the United States census and the city census respectively:

COMPARISON OF RETURNS OF CARPET MANUFACTURES IN PENNSYLVANIA (BEING PHILADELPHIA).

Rugs. Notwithstanding the positive revival apparent in the use of rugs, both as accompaniments and as substitutes for carpets, the number of American manufacturers who seriously undertake the production of fine rugs has been surprisingly small. The Glenham Mills (A. T. Stewart's) were, probably, the first regularly to manufacture Wilton, body-Brussels, tapestry - velvet, and tapestry - Brussels rugs, and these to some extent are still continued by them. The Alexander Smith & Sons Carpet Company make successfully moquette and tapestry-Brussels rugs, and this concern and the Glenham Mills are the only houses in America making in variety high-grade, powerloom rugs. Kitchenman & Neall and A. Cameron, of Philadelphia, weave chenille-Axminster rugs of superior fineness by hand.

ner.

Carpet-Wools. Numerous experiments have proved that wools best adapted to carpets can not be profitably produced, if produced at all, in the United States. The grades most employed are from wild and sterile regions in Russia, Turkey, and Asia, where carpet-sheep and shepherd exist in the most primitive manColorado and Texas yield certain wools which find a limited market in our carpet-mills; but as yet we are mainly dependent upon the made to influence the remission by Congress of sources just named. Strong efforts have been the duties imposed upon foreign carpet-wools, and this, if accomplished, would somewhat cheapen our carpet-product, and would also enable us, it is contended, to compete more suc

cessfully with foreign companies in an export trade.

Rag and List Carpets.-These, the first floorcoverings made in America, have by no means disappeared. The German settlements of Pennsylvania excel in them, and produce rag carpets the texture and colorings of which show of late years a very decided advance.

Wages. Carpet-weavers, as a rule, earn good wages, and live in as much comfort as journeymen in any other industry. The factory region of Philadelphia is well provided with comfortable brick dwellings, which rent at reasonable figures, and like satisfactory conditions exist around the mills of New England and New York. Practiced weavers earn fifteen to twenty dollars a week. A large percentage of the weavers are of English, Scotch, and north of Ireland origin or descent, and some of the !most conspicuous successes in Philadelphia have been by foreigners, who started there as humble toilers on rude hand looms. Not a few such are to-day the owners of factories of great magnitude.

Noteworthy Events.-Certain important changes which have happened within a brief period can best be illustrated by reference to particular industries: The Alexander Smith & Sons Carpet Company, at Yonkers, from being former ly ingrain-makers only, will, during 1884, have 350 looms engaged on tapestry-Brussels, and 218 looms on moquette carpet; the whole having a total daily capacity of 27,500 yards; 500 hands will also be added, in 1884, to their working-force, making the total of persons employed 3.000. Horner Brothers, of Philadelphia, who in 1876 began on Brussels with six looms, have but just finished a factory of vast proportions, and are now among the largest Brussels producers in the world. They have undertaken, also, the weaving of tapestryBrussels. John Bromley & Sons, noted ingrain-weavers, of Philadelphia, have of late discontinued all but the Brussels manufacture, and have an extensive factory whose foundation was laid in the humblest way. John & James Dobson, at the Falls of the Schuylkill, have now body-Brussels, Wiltons, velvets, and tapestries on their lines, and conduct an industry famous here and abroad for its magnitude and the variety of its products. McCallum, Crease, & Sloan, of Philadelphia, one of the oldest and most successful firms making ingrains only, now weave Brussels and Wilton carpets of the highest standard, and are just completing an extensive factory. Ivins, Dietz, & Magee, Philadelphia, have completed and entered a stately Brussels and ingrain mill, and will reintroduce a costly fabric once made by them, known as tapestry-ingrain. The Lowell Manufacturing Company, at Lowell, Mass., have of late doubled the number of their Brussels-looms, enlarged their mill, and placed themselves in the front rank on this fabric. The Hartford Carpet Company, in addition to Brussels and ingrains, has begun the manufacture VOL. XXIII.-7 A

of moquette, and alone shares the honor with the Smith Company, at Yonkers, of making this fabric in the United States. Hon. Stephen Sanford (Amsterdam, N. Y.) has reared an industry of great extent, employing 200 looms on tapestry carpets.

These facts indicate, not the movements merely of individuals and firms, but are cited rather to show recent enterprise in directions limited a few years since to the efforts of perhaps a half-dozen firms. The achievements of numerous others, though hardly less signal, must of necessity be omitted here.

Cocoa-Matting.-Floor-matting and foot-mats made in East India from the cocoa-fiber, and formerly imported fully manufactured from that country, are now woven equally well in America, and factories are successfully employed on these goods in Brooklyn, N. Y., Philadelphia, and Chester, Pa. Cocoa-fiber is admitted into the United States free of duty, and the fabrics made from it are found preferable to those produced in India.

Floor Oll-Cloths. The consumption of floor oil-cloths, which diminished considerably with the cheapening of carpets, has revived very greatly, especially in the South and West, and the annual yield of the medium class of goods is greater by far than at any former period. The floor-cloth industries of the several States are as follow: Maine, 3; Massachusetts, 2; New York, 6; New Jersey, 4; Pennsylvania, 3; total in the United States, 18. There is also on Long Island, N. Y., a factory engaged in making linoleum, a cork floor-cloth, used for like purposes as the ordinary floor oilcloth.

The jute fabrics, or "foundations," used in the manufacture of floor oil-cloths, are imported mainly from Scotland. The Dolphin Company's jute-mill, at Paterson, N. J., and that of the Planet Mills, in Brooklyn, N. Y., have each successfully made the canvas on which the wide cloths, 18 to 24 feet in width, are prepared. The Chelsea Jute Works, of New York city, for the first time in America, are now about producing power-woven, narrowwidth jute canvas or burlap. (See JUTE.)

Fewer factories are engaged in making sheet oil-cloths-goods 12 to 24 feet wide-than existed ten years ago, and the production consequently has been very much lessened. Out of the oil-cloth factories enumerated, three only give particular attention to the sheet-widths. Narrow-width oil-cloths, 3 to 74 feet wide, on the contrary, are made in vastly larger quantities than ever before, their low price and useful qualities rendering them exceedingly popular. A machine for printing the colors, of recent invention, has been adopted by one or two firms, which secures a more rapid production than by the block or hand method of printing.

CENTRAL AMERICA. The following five independent republics constitute the Spanishspeaking portion of Central America: