the possession of Great Britain during the Napoleonic wars. It has had a responsible government since 1872. The Parliament consists of a Legislative Council of 21 and a House of Assembly of 68 members, both elected by voters qualified by a certain amount of income. The Governor iş Sir Hercules G. R. Robinson, appointed in 1880. The Prime Minister is T. C. Scanlen.

Area and Population.-The area of Cape Colony proper is estimated at 199,950 square miles. Its population in 1875 was 720,984, of whom 236,873 were of European origin. The great majority of the European population are descendants of the original Dutch, French, and German settlers. The colored population consists chiefly of Kaffirs and Hottentots. The rest are half-breeds and imported Malay laborers. Cape Colony includes a large extent of annexed native districts, some parts of which contain a considerable white population. Including Basutoland, which was placed under the administration of the colonial authorities in 1875, but again detached in 1883, the total area of Cape Colony was 441,750 square miles, and its total population 1,618,211. These dependencies and annexed districts comprise Griqualand West with an area of 17,800 square miles and a population of 45,277; the Transgariep, or Damara and Namaqua Lands, having an area of 200,000 square miles, and a population of about 250,000; and the Transkeian districts, otherwise called Kaffirland proper, with an area of 17,000 square miles, and a population of 475,000. The area of Basutoland is 7,000 square miles, and its population 127,000. Commerce. The commerce of Cape Colony in 1881 consisted of exports to the value of £4,220,706, and imports to the value of £9,227,171. Wool is the only important export article, constituting nearly nine tenths of the total exports. Minor articles of export are copperore, ostrich-feathers, and sheep-skins. The quantity of wool shipped to England in 1881 was 47,165,019 pounds. The number of sheep in the colony in 1875 was 9,836,065. There were 961 miles of railway open on the 1st of January, 1882.

Finance. The revenue of the colony in 1881 was £4,835,189, including money borrowed; the expenditure, £5,472,263. There was a

debt in 1882 of £15,441,700.

Natal.-Natal, formerly a part of the colony of the Cape of Good Hope, was detached and made a crown colony in 1856, administered by a Governor with the assistance of an Executive Council and a Legislative Council, the latter consisting, since 1879, of 13 official and 15 elective members. The area is estimated to be 21,150 square miles. The population in 1881 was computed to be 408,280, comprising 25,271 of European descent, mostly English, 362,477 natives, and 20,536 coolies. There was a decrease in both the white and native population since 1877. The exports in 1881, chiefly wool, amounted to £474,934; the imports to £1,194,

992. The revenue of the colony amounted in 1881 to £518,924; the expenditure to £492,338; the public debt to £1,631,701. The Governor is Sir Henry Ernest Bulwer.

Transvaal State.-The Transvaal State, or South African Republic, independent since 1852, was annexed to the British crown in 1877. After the Transvaal war complete autonomy was restored by the convention of Aug. 3, 1881, but suzerain rights were preserved with respect to foreign affairs, giving the British Government supreme control over the relations of the republic with the native races. The area is 110,183 square miles. The white population is from 40,000 to 45,000, descendants of the original Dutch and Huguenot settlers of the Cape. The native population numbered, in 1879, 774,930. A triumvirate, composed of S. J. P. Kruger, M. W. Pretorius, and P. J. Joubert, was elected, Dec. 13, 1880, and invested with extraordinary powers. Kruger was elected regular President in 1883.

Orange River Republic.-The Orange Free State achieved independence in 1854. It has an area of 41,320 square miles. The white population, according to the census of March 31, 1880, was 61,022; the native population, 72,496. The Orange Republic has no debt, but possesses a considerable estate in lands, buildings, and accumulated funds. The imports in 1881 amounted to £2,583,738, the exports to £4,001,658. Wool is the chief product; the quantity exported in 1881 was 30,353,025 pounds.

Separation of Basutoland from Cape Colony.-The principal question of the year at the Cape of Good Hope was the rearrangement of the affairs of Basutoland. The Basutos are a tribe of the Bechuana race which inhabits the eastern part of the South African elevation. In the beginning of the century they possessed, besides the present Basutoland, a large part of what is now the Orange Free State. There Mosele, with his Matabele warriors, fell upon them and annihilated the whole tribe, except those who escaped to the inaccessible region in which the Orange river takes its rise. The Boers moved into the deserted plains in the third decade of the century, broke the power of the Matabeles, and formed a bulwark for the Basutos, behind which they grew again into a numerous people. They were reminded by the needs of their now redundant population that the Free State Boers were settled upon lands which had once been their own. The circumstance that no boundary had ever been agreed to between the Free State and Basutoland left the way open for disputes. The Basutos began an aggressive course, as usual, by cattle-stealing. The Boers retaliated, and a long border war followed, in which forays for the capture of cattle and the destruction of crops, rather than the taking of life, were the distinguishing feature. The Basutos, under the tuition of French missionaries, had made astonishing progress in civilization, and possessed in their chief, Moses, a leader of char

acter and ability. When the war had lasted six years, and both sides suffered severely from the losses of property, a peace was concluded between Moses and the Free State in 1858. The cause of the war remained, and in 1865 the Basutos felt strong enough to attempt another incursion. The Boers mustered in force and, driving Moses and his people into the mountain stronghold of Thaba Bosigo, laid waste the whole country. Thousands of the Basutos perished of hunger. In April, 1866, Moses signed a new treaty of peace which transferred to the Boers a large section of Basutoland. The Basutos, however, remained on the ceded tract, on the pretext of gathering the harvest, until the Boers, perceiving that they intended to break their engagement, again took up arms in August, 1867, and would have totally annihilated the Basuto tribe if the Governor of Cape Colony had not interfered. The Boers were informed that the Basutos had been at their request received as British subjects, March 12, 1868. Baffled and indignant, they were obliged to accept the treaty of Aliwal, in February, 1869. This deprived them of the compensation for their losses and the fruit of their victories, but on the other hand took from the Basutos a strip of land of which they had been in undisputed possession prior to 1865.

As long as the Governor's agent was the only British authority in the newly annexed Basutoland, all went smoothly. When six magistrates were sent to supplement and restrain the authority of the six sub-chiefs, signs of dissatisfaction appeared. The discovery of diamonds in the northwest part of the Orange Free State in 1869, and the annexation of this district by Great Britain in November, 1871, gave another turn to the fortunes of the Basutos. High prices were paid in Kimberley for all the maize, oats, and barley they could raise, and the young men who went to work by thousands in the diamond-fields returned in a few months with breech-loading rifles and with money in their pockets. Reduced to a mere remnant, impoverished and degraded, the Basutos increased in numbers to nearly 130,000 in 1875, and in wealth in an astonishing progression, possessing in that year 35,000 horses, 217,000 head of cattle, 300,000 sheep, 215,000 goats, and paying as much as £16,500 in direct and indirect taxes.

By the action of the Cape Parliament in 1871, the annexation of Basutoland was approved; but upon the adoption of responsible government in the following year the question whether the colony should accept the incorporation or repudiate the act of the Governor and cut loose from Basutoland was reopened. The colonists were not inclined at first to refuse the responsibility, as the Basutos were not only increasing rapidly in wealth, but through the efforts of the French, and now of English missionaries, advanced rapidly in knowledge and refinement. In 1877 the war with the

Gaikas and Gulaekas of British Kaffraria broke out. The circumstance that a large portion of the hostile Kaffirs were armed with rifles, opened the eyes of the British to the mistake of allowing the sale of fire-arms in Kimberley to colored persons. The Cape colonists, remembering that they were surrounded by unfriendly natives, and that the blacks outnumbered them two to one within their own borders, were carried away with the mingled feelings of panic and arrogance which any collision with the natives awakens in English settlers. The Cape Parliament passed a law which not only restricted the sale of arms to natives, but required a large portion of them to deliver up the rifles which they already possessed. Soon after the close of the Gaika war the Basutos were commanded to comply with the disarmament. To require these peaceable and faithful subjects to give up for a nominal compensation the arms which were their proudest possession, which they had earned with months of toil in the scorching sands of the diamond - diggings, and which they had official permits to purchase and keep, was to them both an injustice and an indignity. Some of them delivered up their fire-arms to the half-dozen officials, for which they were rewarded with the epithet of "loyal," but the great majority paid no attention to the proclamation, and were dubbed "rebels." Negotiations with the recalcitrant Basutos, in part carried on in person by the Prime Minister without result, made their refusal appear in a more serious light, so that the Cape Government felt driven to compel obedience by military force. The British Government had taken a stand against lending English troops to fight any more "little wars" for the colonists in South Africa. The Cape Colonists had an opportunity, therefore, of putting to the trial their new conscription laws. Every citizen between 20 and 45 years of age owes military service, those between 20 and 30 being subject to the first, and the rest to a second levy. The magistrates were directed to select the quotas by lot. The law was very loosely administered. Many of the substantial citizens were exempted on a specious excuse of corporal disability, and most of those who were drawn sent purchased substitutes. An army of from 8,000 to 10,000, lacking training and military experience, and without the first notion of discipline and obedience, was thus collected and sent into Basutoland. The rain fell incessantly in the summer season of 1880-'81, fuel was not obtainable, and, except raw meat, all food was very scarce. The Basutos harried them, but avoided a close engagement. Under the privations and the wearying guard duty the army began to melt away, whole companies deserting and returning to their homes without penalty or disgrace. Despairing of chastising the Basutos with such troops, the government, sustained by a growing sentiment in the country against the disarmament

act and the war, concluded a peace with the Basutos by which everything was left as it was before the war.

The triumphant Basutos felt a natural contempt for the poor-spirited or treacherous members of the tribe who had sided with the British. Toward the end of 1882 one of the rebel chiefs fell upon a loyal Basuto, took his cattle, and put to death his women and children. In this condition of affairs, the presence of British resident magistrates and police whose authority was despised was only a sign of impotence. The Parliament was summoned to an extraordinary session in January, 1883, for the consideration of a ministerial proposition to recall the resident authorities and leave the Basuto nation complete independence in the management of its internal affairs, reserving simply the control of its external politics, that is, its relations with the Orange Free State. With a slight modification the act was passed by a bare majority. The cost of the inglorious Basuto war of 1880-'81 was about £1,000,000. The sub-agents were not recalled. The policy of the Government was defined by the Premier, T. C. Scanlen, to be to build up a government by which the people would be able to manage their own affairs. He admitted that, if they failed in the new experiments, there was no course left but abandonment.

Mr. Scanlen had many conferences with the chiefs, ending with a pitso or assembly at Matsieng, on the 24th of April. Letsea and the friendly natives accepted the Government proposals, but Masupha and other malcontents angrily refused to accede to the new scheme of modified supervision. At a conference called by the agent of the Cape Government only about 2,000 persons were represented. Convinced that the Basutos desired to have no further connection with the colony, the Cape authorities concluded to terminate relations with them, and hand over the responsibility for the future management of the troublesome dependency to the British Government. As Cape Colony thus laid down the task of governing Basutoland, which had cost more than £3,000,000, and since the Basutos were not able to stand alone, the Imperial Government announced its willingness to take them again under its control and protection, as prior to 1869, on the conditions that the great majority of the Basutos desired it; that they and Cape Colony should bear the principal part of the expenses, and that the Orange Free State should co-operate in keeping order along its boundaries. The British Government did not propose to establish a costly administration of Europeans and govern Basutoland as a crown colony, but to guide and protect the natives in governing themselves in accordance with their own customs. Cape Colony undertakes to pay £20,000 a year toward the expenses of administration. The bill ratifying the arrangement passed the Cape Legislature in July, after a

prolonged discussion. In order to be further relieved of its financial embarrassments, the Cape ministry would be glad to transfer to the crown the Transkei also, with its large population of Kaffirs.

Natal Legislation.-A change was made in the Constitution of Natal, approaching self-government. The number of members in the Legislative Council was increased from 20 to 30. The elected members bear nearly the same proportion to the nominated members as before, being 23 to 7, as against 15 to 5. The franchise, which was confined to holders of real estate of £50 value, or £10 rental, is liberalized, the limitations being a residence of three years and the possession of an income of £96 a year by male British subjects or naturalized aliens. From natives an educational test is required in addition.

Zululand.-Cetewayo was reinstated in his kingdom on Jan. 29th, in the presence of a concourse of Zulus, but he was only given a segment of the territory over which his rule formerly extended. The chief Usibepu was left in possession of the district allotted to him. It was left free to all the chiefs and people to return to their allegiance to Cetewayo, or to receive lands outside of his kingdom. For such a large section, called the Zulu Native Reserve, was set apart.

The restoration of a portion of his former dominions to Cetewayo turned out to be as great a blunder as the other acts of the British Government in connection with Zululand. Instead of leading to the tranquilization of the country-which the British by splitting it up into petty dominions under thirteen different chiefs, had involved in chronic guerilla warfare-the result was an internecine conflict between Cetewayo on the one part, and Usibepu, in league with all the adversaries of the restored monarch, on the other. Cetewayo was anxious to avoid fighting, but the English in Natal and his rivals in Zululand were determined to destroy, while his hot-headed partisans were not averse to the struggle.

Not many weeks after the return of Cetewayo the Usutu party, composed of the younger and more ardent partisans of Cetewayo, marched in a large body, mustering 80 companies, against Usibepu in the northeastern corner of Zululand, the chief who, under the Wolseley settlement, received the wives of the imprisoned king. Usibepu withdrew before the superior force into the bush in the heart of his country, where he prepared an ambush for the invaders. While he lay in waiting with 20 companies and his picked guard of five companies, called the Mauhlagazus, small bands flying before the Usutus led them on, flushed with victory and burning the abandoned kraals, into the ambuscade at Baugonono kraal. Usibepu fell upon the advancing column without warning. In accordance with Zulu tactics, he closed in on half of the army, and cut it to pieces. The remaining portion fled in a disorganized

rout, followed for a long distance by the Mauhlagazus. Cetewayo denied all knowledge and responsibility as to the ill-fated expedition, but he immediately began to drill soldiers for another conflict with Usibepu, until he had about six thousand. When he was moving forward with his force, Usibepu and Oham fell upon him with all their warriors and defeated him with great carnage.

After some preliminary fighting, in which Oham and his warriors were hard pressed by Cetewayo's bands, a decisive battle occurred on July 21st, in which the king's newly or ganized military force was crushed. Usibepu, with an army equipped with the aid of the people of Natal and partly led by white men, descended upon Ulundi, Cetewayo's capital. The king's army was cut to pieces, all his possessions captured, his town destroyed, and he himself severely wounded. He was carried away into concealment by his people, and was long supposed to have been killed. Umnyamana and the Usutus kept up the struggle until they were reduced by Usibepu and acknowledged his supremacy. Cetewayo kept out of the way of his enemies, and entered into communications with the British relative to surrendering himself into their protection. Finally, when assured of the safety of such a course, he delivered himself up and was taken to Natal in October.

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Border War in Bechuanaland.-The Transvaal Boers have severely tried the Liberal Government, which rendered back to them their independence, by continuing their encroachments in Bechuanaland and assisting the chiefs who were friendly to them to drive the allies of the British off their lands. The troubles in Bechuanaland, which lies on the west and southwest of the Transvaal, date back to 1872273. After the discovery of diamonds in 1871, Great Britain, which had recognized the independence of the two Boer republics in 1852 and 1854, and by the Sand River Convention had bound itself never to encroach north of the Vaal river, broke the treaties by annexing the diamond-fields, and began its interference in the affairs of Bechuanaland. The Bechuana nation was divided into two parties, one headed by the chiefs Montsiva and Mankoroane and the other by Moshette and Massouw. Mankoroane, chief of the Batlapins, and Massouw, chief of the Korannas, laid

The Bechuanas are the negroes among whom Moffat and Livingstone labored. They are akin to the Basutos in race, and are more intelligent and far more advanced in civilization than the other Kaffir races. They have schools and churches, are clothed, and many of them are to some extent educated. They have separate property in land, and had made considerable progress in industry and agriculture be

fore the Trek Boers arrived in the country north of the Vaal. The chiefs, unless they led the people in the arts of peace, lost their power and influence. Many of them, including all of the four leaders in this intestine conflict which was provoked by white adventurers, have at various times requested

the British Government to take their country under its protection. Nearly all of the internal quarrels of the Bechuanas are over disputed claims to chieftainship. They are not of a predatory disposition like the Kaffirs in the east, and have never committed cattle-raids in the Transvaal.

claim to the same territory, while Montsiva disputed with Massouw the position of paramount chief of the Baralongs. The South African Republic recognized the claims of Moshette and Massouw, and by virtue of having subdued Moselekatsie, the Matabele conqueror of the country, and of a cession executed by the chief of the Korannas, the most ancient inhabitants, took the country under its protection by annexing it to the Transvaal state. The British Government, by the Keate award, refused to recognize the annexation, gave a portion of the country to Mankoroane, and acknowledged Montsiva as paramount chief of the Baralongs. This award, if not made in the interest of white land-speculators, had the effect of delivering the country over to their machinations and prolonging the tribal disputes. Bechuanaland was to have been reunited with the Transvaal upon its annexation, through Sir Theophilus Shepstone, to British South Africa.

In the Transvaal war which resulted from this act, Montsiva and Mankoroane sided with the British and aided them by furnishing shelter and supplies, although the direct military assistance of the blacks was refused by the English. Moshette and Massouw sympathized with the Boers. In the convention of 1881, by which the British under the auspices of the Liberal party withdrew from the Transvaal, a new boundary-line was drawn. This line cut off a large portion of the annexed territory from the Transvaal and even separated from the Boer state a number of farms and settlements belonging to its citizens. It was objected to and declared impracticable at the time of signing the convention, and has been the subject of frequent reclamations since. The British Government paid no attention to these diplomatic representations. Bechuanaland was at once plunged into warfare and anarchy by the boundary settlement insisted upon by the British Government for the sake of their native allies and the white abettors and advisers of the latter. Montsiva ordered Moshette and Massouw to vacate their lands and find homes within the new boundary-line of the Transvaal. In league with Mankoroane he made war upon them in May, 1881, to compel them to give up the disputed territory. The white volunteers and speculative fomenters of the war who were engaged on both sides were to be paid in farms in the rich pasture-lands of the disputed territory. There was a brief cessation of hostilities; but when the war broke out again in October of that year the Boer filibusters or volunteers took an important part in the operations on the side of chiefs who were in possession.

The Boer Government agreed to place a guard on the frontier, to prevent Boer volunteers from crossing, but their efforts to preserve neutrality lacked earnestness or efficiency. Montsiva and Mankoroane were defeated and forced to sign a treaty, in 1882, which