ceeded his uncle, Ferdinand I., who abdicated in 1848. The heir-apparent is the Archduke Rudolf, born Aug. 21, 1858. Government. The common affairs of the two monarchies, restricted to military defense and foreign policy, are regulated by the Delegations, consisting of 120 members, chosen in equal numbers from the Austrian and Hungarian legislatures-20 from the upper and 40 from the lower house of each. The common Ministers, responsible to the Delegations, are as follow: Minister of Foreign Affairs and of the Imperial Household, Count G. Kalnocky de Köröspatak, born in 1832, Minister to Rome, 1879-'80, and then at St. Petersburg until he was called to the head of the administration, Nov. 21, 1881; Minister of War for the whole empire, Count Bylandt-Rheydt, appointed June 21, 1876; Minister of Finance for the whole empire, Baron von Kallay, appointed June 4, 1882. Area and Population. The total area of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, exclusive of the occupied provinces, is 240,942 square miles; the total population was returned in the census of Dec. 31, 1880, as 37,786,246, or 159 to the square mile. The population increased in eleven years in Cisleithania, 8.5 per cent.; in Hungary only 1.24 per cent. In Transylvania there was an actual decrease of 70,000. The area and population of the separate provinces of the two monarchies were as follow: 8,084 11,824 Population. 759,620 481,248 Mohammedans, 496,761 Greek Orthodox Christians, 209,391 Roman Catholics, and 3,439 Jews. The population of the cities in Austria and Hungary containing over 50,000 inhabitants, was as follows-In Austria: Vienna, 726,105, with suburbs, 1,103,857; Prague, 162,323; Trieste, 144,844; Lemburg, 109,726; Gratz, 97,791; Brünn, 82,660; Krakau, 66,095. In Hungary: Buda - Pesth, 360,551; Szegedin, 73,675; Holdmezö-Vásárhély, 50,966; MariaTheresiopel, 61,367. Among the population of Cisleithania, the principal religious confessions were represented by the following numbers: Roman Catholics, 17,693,648; Greek Catholics, 2,533,323; Israelites, 1,005,394; Greek Oriental, 492,088; Evangelicals of the Augsburg Confession, 289,005; of the Helvetic Confession, 110,525. The percentage of the various nationalities was as follows: Germans, 36-75 per cent. ; Czechs, 23.77; Poles, 14.86; Ruthenians, 1281; Slovenes, 5.23; Italians, 3.07; Serbs and Croats, 2.58; Roumanians, 88; Magyars, 05. The Israelites have increased since 1869 22:58 per cent., the Italians 13:19 per cent., the Poles 9.97 per cent., the Czechs 8.69 per cent., the Serbs and Croats 7.77 per cent., the Ruthenians 7.71 per cent., and the Germans 7.25 per cent. The Slovenes have decreased considerably, owing to their adoption of the nationality of the Germans in Carinthia and Lower Styria, and in the coast-lands of that of the Italians, who received accessions also from the SerboCroats. The percentage of the population of Austria who could neither read nor write was 44.5, 2,330,621 among the males 43.2, among the females 45.8; 168,570 percentage of those who could read only 6.1, 1,218,597 among males 4:6, among females 7.5; percent8483,780 age of those who could read and write 494, 647,984 among males 52.2, among females 46·7. In 912,549 the Bukovina the percentage of illiterates was 2,158,407 89.7, in Dalmatia 89-3, in Galicia 81.1, in Is565,475 tria 77-8, in Borizia and Gradisca 60.3, in Car5,958,907 niola 54'1, in Trieste 38.9, in Carinthia 47.6, 476,101 in Styria 373, in Bohemia 22-6, in Moravia 24-3, in Silesia 25.8, in Salzburg 22.9, in Tyrol 22.7, in Lower Austria 21, in Upper Austria 20-2, and in Vorarlberg 16.2. 5,560,819 20,060 Moravia (Mähren) Silesia (Schlesien). Galicia (Galizien) Bukowina Dalmatia (Dalmatien). Total, Austria KINGDOM OF HUNGARY: Hungary Proper... 87,043 11,644,574 Croatia and Slavonia, with Military 8,588 1,987 80,307 4,085 4,940 571,671 115,903 22,144,244 8 125,039 The following table gives the millesimal 1,892,399 proportions of the population of the Cisleithan 2,084,048 lands engaged in the various classes of employments, including families and dependents: 20,981 15,642,002 240,942 87,786,246 The Principality of Liechtenstein in the Austrian Alps, with an area of 68 square miles and 9,124 inhabitants, is nominally independent, and its people are not subject to taxation or military duty. The provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Sanjak of NoviBazar, were placed provisionally under the administration of the common authorities by the Berlin Treaty of 1878. Their population numbered 1,326,453, of whom 448,613 were duty. A marked improvement in the industrial situation and the consumptive capacity of the people is indicated by a larger importation of raw stuffs of various kinds, of colonial wares, of machinery, of textile manufactures, and of articles of luxury, and an increased exportation of textiles, paper manufactures, fine leathers, chemical products, etc. More than half the export and import commerce of the Austrian Empire is with Germany, next to which the chief market is Roumania, which receives 50,000,000 florins of the exports, and furnishes 40,000,000 florins of the imports. Italy and Russia follow, but with a much smaller trade. the capital, where the Germans are more pli- Commerce, Industry, and Agriculture.—The total value of the imports and exports of the AustroHungarian Empire for the last three years reported, was as follows, in florins: The export of flour, which averaged, just before the enactment of the German corn-duties, about 2,400,000 metric quintals, has fallen to half that quantity. Owing to the active trade in live hogs with Servia, the imports and exports of live animals were considerably larger in 1881 than in the preceding year. The commercial treaty with Servia, ratified in June, 1882, secures the entrance of certain Austrian products at half the ordinary duties, and on the other hand a reduction of the Austrian duties on live hogs, and Servian wines, prune-brandy, etc. The exceptional treatment of German partly manufactured products, which was kept up as compensation for possible advantages to be extended to Austria-Hungary in the German tariff, ceased from the beginning of 1883 to operate as regards textile manufactures imported for printing, dyeing, or bleaching, the most important branch of this trade. The importation of lard and pork products showed a great decrease in 1881, in consequence of the prohibition of American pork. The export of wines, stimulated in 1880 by the failure of the French vintage, decreased from 905,841 to 438,213 metric quintals. The import of petroleum increased from 1,150,000 to 1,480,000 metric quintals. Cotton and other textile materials were imported in considerably larger quantities than in the preceding year. The continned large importation of yarns strengthened the spinners in their demand for a protective Precious Metals.-The movement of the precious metals in 1881, as compared with the previous year, was as follows, in florins: Gold 19,000,000 Silver 8,800,000* 1881: Gold Silver Total 19,800,000 2,200,000 17,600,000 16,100,000 1,200,000 14,900,000 85,900,000 3,400,000 82,500,000 Customs.-The Hungarian Legislature passed a law in 1881, denounced by the Constitutional party in the Austrian House of Deputies as an infringement of the customs-union, which requires a declaration to be made of all goods imported into or exported from the kingdom. According to the statistics collected for the last eight months of 1881 in pursuance of this regufavor in the trade with Austria as well as with lation, Hungary has a balance decidedly in its other countries. The returns exhibit the total value of imports as 185,800,000 florins, of which 139,080,000 florins came from Austria; and the total value of exports as 242,800,000 florins, of which 165,250,000 florins were shipped into Austria. Hungary. Although in the social life of Hungary certain vestiges of feudalism survive the development of liberal political institutions, she strives to keep abreast of economical progress; people and Government uniting their efforts to develop all their resources under the pressure of American competition. The great richness of the Hungarian soil is counterbalanced by adverse geographical and climatic conditions which warn them against remaining a purely agricultural state. It is only by gigantic protective works and a more and more intensive culture that they can still hold method of flour-milling, made necessary by the their own. The invention of the Hungarian hard quality of their wheat, which has since been adopted and improved in the United States, marked the beginning of industrial development. A regular line of vessels from * Excess of exports. Fiume facilitates the export of Hungarian flour, which is now largely consumed in England. The new beet-sugar culture and manufacture are not sufficient to supply the home demand; but high-wines and refined spirits are exported as far as Spain. The wine production repays the encouragement bestowed upon it by the Government. The wines are produced in greater quantities, and of better and more uniform quality, and are shipped by the cargo to Bordeaux to replace the diminished growths of France. The number of persons engaged in industrial occupations proper increased between 1870 and 1880 from 784,378 to 908,958, or 14 per cent., while the whole population increased only by a small fraction. Manufactures.—Unable to resort to protection, owing to the customs-union with Austria, Hungary employed other methods of encouraging industry. Hungarian manufacturers have the preference in Government and municipal orders, if they can produce articles of satisfactory quality. In the iron industry there are the imperial railroad works at Oravicza and Resitza, for which the best technical skill in France was imported; the shops of the Hungarian state railroad, which excel in the production of iron bridges; and various private establishments which stand on the highest plane of technical art. Leather, paper, pottery, and glass are also manufactured successfully on a large scale; but the important branch of textile industry is represented only by factories which subsist on the Government commissions for the supply of the army, although the country produces an abundance of wool of superior quality. By a law which went into effect on Jan. 1, 1882, industrial establishments which found new industries, or utilize products previously wasted, are exempted from all public dues and taxes. This and other measures of the kind led to the establishment of some two hundred factories in new branches. In museums, industrial exhibitions, a national school of mechanical drawing, a technical school for wood-workers, industrial evening-schools, etc., the Government has co-operated with private individuals in fostering technical education and industrial art. A review of the industrial progress already attained is to be made in a national exposition in 1885. Live-Stock. The live-stock census of the empire shows that horned cattle, which decreased between 1857 and 1869, increased between the latter date and 1880 from 7,425,212 to 8,584,077; while sheep, in consequence of the Australian production, decreased from 5,026,398 to 3,841,340. American competition and the German protective tariff are beginning to exercise a depressing effect on the wheat-growing, flour-milling, and cattle-raising interests of Hungary and Austria. There have been actual importations of American wheat. Mining. The total net value of the product of the mines and furnaces, after deducting the value of the ores, together with that of the sa lines, was 83,790,373 florins in 1881, as against 79,988,819 florins in 1880. Railways. The total length of railways in the empire, open to traffic in 1882, was 11,480 miles, of which 7,130 were in Austria and 4,350 in Hungary. There were, besides, 177 miles in Bosnia. The length of railway owned or operated by the state, at the close of 1881, was 2,912 kilometres, or 24 per cent. of the total mileage. To this was added on the 1st of January, 1882, the Empress Elizabeth railroad, 922 kilometres in length, which was taken over into the management of the state under a convention providing for its eventual acquisition. On the 1st of July, 1882, a railroad bureau was created for the direction of the state railroads. The total receipts of the Austro-Hungarian railroads in 1881 were 215,950,000 florins, of which 47,950,000 florins were from passengers, and 168,000,000 florins from freight. Telegraphs. The length of telegraph lines in 1881 was 21,735 miles in Austria, with 56,862 miles of wires, and 9,032 miles in Hungary, with 32,380 miles of wires. The number of messages carried in 1881 was 8,865,030, including 584,059 official dispatches. Post-Office. The number of letters forwarded by the post-office in 1881 was 248,509,000, besides 47,858,000 postal-cards in Austria, and in Hungary 74,218,000 letters and 13,623,000 postal-cards. Shipping. The merchant marine in 1882 numbered 70 ocean-steamers, of 16,145 horsepower and 62,387 tons; 42 coasting-steamers, of 2,179 horse-power and 4,472 tons; and 8,294 sailing-vessels and fishing-smacks of 259,970 tons. The crews numbered 27,187 men. The Austro-Hungarian Lloyd, which owns the large steamers and does the greater part of the carrying trade between Austria and the East through the Suez canal, receives a subsidy of 1,730,000 florins per annum. The number of vessels entering the Austrian and Hungarian ports, Trieste and Fiume, in 1881, was 47,045, of 5,911,885 aggregate tonnage, of which 19,415, of 4,947,399 tons, were steamers; the number of departures was 46,907, tonnage 5,913,720, of which 19,392, of 4,942,078 tons, were steamers. The tonnage entering Austro-Hungarian ports under the national flag was 5,197,855; under the British flag, 402,164; under the Italian, 201,603. Finance. The budget estimates of revenne and expenditures for common affairs in 1882 place the total at 117,149,549 florins, of which the contributions from the two halves of the empire make up 113,824,679 florins (one florin florins are required for the army, 9,162,224 florins for the navy, 4,246,900 florins for foreign affairs, and 1,962,661 florins for the finance ministry. There are extraordinary expenses for the army in Bosnia. The contributions to be assessed on the two parts of the empire are 99,991,763 florins. The expenses of the civil administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina for 1883 are estimated at 7,039,809 florins, including the following items: public highways, 239,500 florins; worship, 162,503 florins; education, 91,889 florins; military forces, 251,034 florins; gendarmerie, 1,114,475 florins. The receipts are estimated at 7,217,819 florins, of which the tithes produce 2,250,000 florins; the income-tax, 600,000 florins; sheep-tax, 247,000 florins; customs, 702,000 florins; tobacco-tax, 1,896,000 florins; salt, 867,135 florins; octroi, 43,000 florins; and stamps, 300,000 florins. The estimates communicated to the Delegations for 1884 call for 4,383,110 florins for foreign affairs, 102,413,639 florins for the army, including 6,876,005 florins of extraordinary expenditure, 9,470,977 florins for the navy, 174,400 and 125,747 florins respectively for the financial administration and control, and 1,973,450 florins for pensions. The total expenditures are estimated at 115,170,880 florins, the net surplus of the customs applicable to the common expenses at 17,633,570 florins, and the contributions of the two states at 98,107,799 florins. For the army of occupation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 7,307,000 florins are asked. The cost of the civil administration of the occupied provinces is estimated at 7,356,267 florins, and the revenue from the provinces at 7,412,615 florins. The Austrian Government is very tardy in publishing the accounts of actual receipts and expenditures. The budget estimates in recent years show invariably a deficit, averaging since 1876 some 37,500,000 florins a year. The estimated revenue for 1832 is 448,155,793 florins; expenditures, 485,720,951 florins. The principal heads of revenue are as follow: Florins 29,820,584 828,235,811 Public debt and pensions... Total expenditure of 1882...... The ordinary expenses for 1883 were estimated at 288,800,000 florins, the ordinary revenues at 280,700,000 florins. The budget for 1884 places the ordinary expenditures at 298,200,000 florins, and the revenues at 295,500,000 florins; the total expenditures at 329,200,000 florins, and the total revenues at 308,900,000 florins. Public Debt.-The public debt of the Austrian Empire was already large at the end of the Napoleonic wars. After 1848 it increased again rapidly from 1,250,000,000 florins to 3,000,000,000 florins in 1868. The war of 1866 added 92,970,000 300,000,000 of new loans, which were offset by the amount of the Lombardo-Venetian debt 19,566,000 63,947,200 assumed by the kingdom of Italy. At the 16,880.000 separation of Austria and Hungary an agree20,222,000 ment was made, in May, 1868, renewed with 88,167,000 certain modifications in 1877, whereby 70 per 19,886,110 cent. of the total charges of the debt fell upon 41,628,899 Austria and 30 per cent. upon Hungary. Since 1868 the two kingdoms have kept their finances separate. The deficits in Hungary constantly 82,000,000 23,078,000 448,155,793 The following are the estimated expenditures recurring since 1867, have been funded in a of the several departments: Imperial Cabinet Chancery BRANCHES OF EXPENDITURE. Imperial household.. Reichsrath. Connell of Ministers. Ministry of the Interior.. Florins. special debt, amounting in 1881 to the enormous sum of 1,045,319,600 florins. Austria 4,650,000 has a large amount of floating liabilities arising 70,285 from the same cause, given in a return for Jan. 1,482,692 1,049,210 1, 1882, as 411,998,744 florins, represented by 17,530,765 a depreciated paper currency amounting to Public Education and Worship.. 17,782,885 320,434,947 florins, and interest-bearing treas11,519,408 ury notes amounting to 91,563,797 florins, into National Defense Agriculture.... 8,991,700 which form the later deficits were converted. The debt of the whole empire and of the Austrian monarchy, on the 1st of July, 1882, was 3,280,055,699 florins, of which the consolidated debt, bearing interest, represents 3,038,116,776 florins; non-interest-bearing, 115,756,604 florins; floating liabilities, 112,183,618 florins; and annuities, 13,998,701 florins. The total annual charge of the Austrian and common debts amounted in 1882 to 158,365,020 florins, of which the share borne by Hungary was 30,317,753 florins. An operation for the conversion of the Hungarian debt was begun in 1881, in which year 160,000,000 florins of 6 per cent. gold bonds were redeemed by the issue of a 4 per cent. loan which was taken at a fixed price of 773. The operation was suspended on account of the monetary crisis, and resumed again in 1883, when 300,000,000 florins were converted on slightly less favorable terms than before. Tariff-By agreement between the Austrian and Hungarian governments an increase in the tariff on petroleum, coffee, and tea was adopted as a means of reducing the chronic deficits in both countries. These enhanced duties, which fall with excessive severity on the laboring classes, went into operation in 1882. The import duty on petroleum was increased from 34 to 10 florins per metric quintal. In addition to this an excise duty on refined petroleum of 6 florins per 100 kilos was imposed by the Hungarian Government. The increased revenue in both halves of the empire from the new petroleum duty is calculated at 6,000,000 florins. The duty on coffee is increased from 24 to 40 florins per metric quintal, and on tea from 50 to 100 florins, from which changes an increased yield of 6,500,000 florins is expected. Taxes. A bill for the amendment of the income-tax, carried through by the Austrian Government, forms part of a plan for the reform of the whole system of direct taxation. The revision of the land and house taxes had already been accomplished. The new income-taxes are much simpler than the former system, which even the officials had difficulty in understanding in all its details. A progressive scale is established for incomes derived from trades and professions. Besides the other taxes on special kinds of income, every one receiving more than 700 florins a year of net income pays a personal income-tax calculated on a progressive scale. The changes are expected to augment the revenues, which the chronic deficits in the budget render necessary in Austria as well as in Hungary. In both halves of the empire the indirect taxes, consisting of stamps, fees, and imposts on articles of consumption, have been pushed to the extreme limit, with the exception, perhaps, of the sugar and spirit taxes. The income-tax in Hungary is higher than in almost any other country, being 12 per cent. on incomes from stocks and bonds.* The revision of the * It is exceeded only in Italy, where incomes from funded securities pay 18.5 per cent. Austrian system of taxes, the fourth within eighteen years, turns to this source which is already so fully utilized in the sister kingdom. The new land-tax is apportioned among the different provinces, and is assessed at 37,500,000 florins for fifteen years from 1881. The new personal income-tax is intended to replace all other methods of extraordinary or supplementary taxation. The rate is variable, and is fixed in the budget annually, according to the requirements of the Government. Incomes from enterprises which are required to furnish an official exhibit of their finances, and which are taxed at their source, are not subject to the personal income-tax. This variable extraordinary tax is supplementary to the scheme of the ordinary direct taxes, which covers systematically the five classes of objects approved by modern national economists, viz., land, houses, income from investments, trades, and salaries. The land-taxes are copied after the Prussian system. The cadastral survey and valuation, begun in 1869, was completed in 1881, at a cost of 20,000,000 florins. The yield of the land-tax is not greater than before. The housetax is assessed on town property according to its renting value, and upon rural dwellings according to the number of rooms they contain. Mud and thatch cabins pay 75 kreutzers (374 cents), houses with a single room 1 florin 50 kreutzers (75 cents), with two rooms 1 florin 70 kreutzers, up to villas and castles with forty rooms, which pay 220 florins ($110) per annum, and 5 florins more for each additional room. This class-tax on dwellings is higher, and the progression somewhat steeper than under the old law. The new income-tax affects all incomes from invested capital which are not taxed under other heads, or expressly exempted from taxation by special laws, as are the interest on deposits in the postal savings-banks, and the revenues of charitable institutions, of public schools, and incomes not exceeding 300 florins. The law requires every one to give any desired information respecting his own income or that of another. The tax is 5 per cent., except on dividends derived from corporations, which pay 10 per cent. Industrial and commercial concerns are taxed according to their mean profits, beginning with 3 per cent. on 1,500 florins, and ascending to 10 per cent. on over 50,000 florins annual profit. The tax on earnings does not touch incomes below 300 florins. Up to 500 florins the rate is 0.2 per cent., ascending to 10 per cent. for salaries or professional earnings exceeding 5,000 florins. Army and Navy.-The total war strength of the Austro-Hungarian army in the beginning of 1883 was about 1,250,000 men, including 245,000 Austrian Landwehr and 205,000 Hungarian Honveds. The standing army is under the control of the common Minister of War, while the militia is looked after by the Ministers of National Defense in the two kingdoms. The system of army organization agreed to by the two states and embodied in the law |