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Yet these figures attest a notable improvement when compared with those for 1872, in which year but 81,183 children, out of a total of 468,987, attended school.

Finance. Contrary to the almost general rule in Spanish America-witness Mexico, Costa Rica, Honduras, and principally Peru-the Argentine Republic, while rapidly extending her already considerable railway and telegraph systems, and otherwise facilitating transportation to and from the seaboard, not only accomplishes this without sacrifice to the national credit, but seldom fails to render such material improvements subservient to the financial prosperity of the country. Thanks to this system, and to punctuality in the service of the national debt and in the payment of interest thereon, Argentine bonds, first quoted at a premium in December, 1881, have rarely descended below par since that year.

The budget estimates for 1883 were: revenue, $29,576,000; expenditure, $31,224.749, whereby there would be a deficit of $1,648,

749.

The subjoined tables, which are transcribed from official returns published this year, exhibit the branches of the national revenue and expenditure, and the amounts of each, as esti

inated in the budget for 1884:

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$21,270,833

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The actual showing of the Finance Department for 1882 was unusually favorable; for, as Gen. Roca observes in his message to Congress in May, of a revenue of $26,763,985.27, but $25,354,996.76 were required for the ordinary expenditure of the administration. "The surplus, $1,408,988.51, together with $3,712,962.54, the proceeds of the treasury notes issued under the law of Nov. 3, 1881, the $2,812,704.16 balance in the treasury at the end of that year, and other funds resulting from successful credit operations, was applied to reduce the balance overdue on our debt, thus placing the treasury in a position to discharge within a few days all our old accounts." The consolident's statement, amounted on Dec. 31, 1881, dated national debt, according to the Presito $82,048,004.50, and to $94,565,787.90 at the end of 1882, in which latter year the principal of the debt was reduced by $3,625,257.13, and increased by new emissions to the amount of $14,283,788.50. Gen. Roca affirms that the of the country's indebtedness, while the fourreduction just alluded to was a real diminution transformation of existing debts or the defrayteen million increase represented only the al of productive outlays on works the yield of

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which would be more than sufficient for the amortization of the bonds emitted. "At the end of the present year President, "the 6 per cent. consolidated debt, (1883), adds the with a small portion at 8 and 9 per cent., will have been reduced to $75,418,201.31. The amount paid annually on the national debt (principal and interest) is $8,979,061.51. Should the conversion which I proposed to Congress last year be sanctioned, we should only require to dispose of 5 per cent. bonds to the amount of $88,727,295.66, at the price of 85 per cent. (the rate taken as a basis by the committee on ways and means), for the extinction of those debts. And if the emission were made without a sinking fund for a term 500,000 of twenty or twenty-five years, the annual ser1,500.000 vice would only call for $4,486,364.78. The 1,1:0,000 advantages accruing from either of these plans 560,000 are apparent, and would enable us to carry on 200,000 numberless works of public utility without 20,000 burdening future generations with such debts 10,000 as have been handed down to us and were con270,000 2,567,000 tracted to defray the expenses of wars abroad 600,000 and internecine strife." The President referred 100,000 to the urgent need of a national bank law 800,000 similar to that existing in the United States. 410,000 Up to March 31, 1883, there were delivered $33,770,888 See the "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1881, p. 25.

8,598,000

650,000

60,000

10,000

from the mint 5,755,257 coins (gold, silver, and copper), representing an aggregate of $4,154,519.16, and most of which was to replace the fractional paper currency, the withdrawal of which from circulation was decreed on Nov. 5, 1881.

The following tables exhibit the sources, destinations, and values respectively of the Argentine imports and exports for the year 1882:

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Values.

$2.775.735

128,688 2,084,293

4,610,925

2,822,301

1,104,347

4,930,417

2,799,592

In

Argentine territory, unburdened by any such tax as Peru used and Chili continues to exact, and with the great additional advantage of ready access to the Atlantic seaboard. November, 1883, Bolivian explorers announced the navigability of the Pilcomayo river throughout, which circumstance, with the completion of the Northern Central Railway, will establish easy communication between the two countries. The export branch of this trade consists chiefly of bismuth, tin, silver, silver-ore, etc., while the imports are European manufactures. 15,185 Thus, the foreign commerce of the republic 11,798,701 for 1882 was of the aggregate value of $117,18,924,128 711,271, constituting an increase of $7,612,518 978,011 as compared with 1881. On comparing the value of the imports and exports for each of 85,555 these two years, it will be seen that the bal2,812,409 ance of trade for 1882 ($829,461) was against, while that for 1881 ($1,039,455) was in favor 120,867 of the republic. It has been officially objected, 8,889,712 however, that the unfavorable showing for $59.270,366 1882 is rather apparent than real, since of the 54,029,649 value of the imports $4,513,638 were for “ar85,240,717 ticles of a productive character, such as railway materials, machinery for industrial pur$13,901,460 poses, and a large quantity of tools and agricul318,605 tural implements." Among the more extensive 2,092,219 1,463,078 consumers of Argentine products, as shown by 15,869,992 the foregoing table of exports, France stands 4,648,995 first, Belgium second, Great Britain third, 7,379,582 65,660 Germany fourth, and the United States fifth. 1,620,981 In the table of imports, those same countries range in the following order as shippers to the 152,769 republic: Great Britain first, France second, 1,260,562 the United States third, Germany fourth, and 1,982,689 Belgium fifth. The imports from Germany, 1,411,861 the United States, and Great Britain are steadi8,312,223 ly increasing, while those from Belgium and $58,410,905 France fluctuate from year to year; and the exports to Germany and France, and particularly to the former, have increased, while those to the other three countries have fluctuated during the seven years 1876-'82.

Values.

70,341

28,789

2,861,209

56,069,104

$2,871,801 The exports and imports for the first ten months of 1883 were of the respective values of $35,532,486 and $50,176,456, against $34,325,245 and $41,217,972 respectively for the corresponding period of 1882.

The trade in transitu for 1882 was as follows:

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Of the aggregate trade-imports and exports of the republic with all countries for the septennial period 1876–'82, the subjoined table exhibits the proportions represented by each of the five countries just referred to:

Chief among the competitors of the United States, as a supplier of the Argentine Republic, is Great Britain.

The American articles shipped most extensively to the republic are: lumber ($2,019,216 in 1882, against $157,090 from Great Britain); agricultural instruments ($528,046, the total from all countries having been $727,807); kerosene ($363,139); books and other printed matter ($98,326); machinery ($126,588); manufact

1878.

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Per cent.
15.2
23.0

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Germany

8.9

8.9

Great Britain

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ured tobacco ($120,339); clocks and watches (830,347, against $24,006 from France, and $14,926 from Great Britain). Of American musical instruments of all kinds, but $5,939 worth were sent to the republic in 1882. American machinery is fast gaining favor, no fewer than sixty-two locomotives having been ordered of a single Philadelphia firm in 1882, while the total number imported from the United States in the year previous was but seven; and extensive orders for rolling-stock, particularly drawing-room cars, were also given in 1883. Indeed, there is a growing appreciation of things Ameriean in the Argentine Republic.

The imports of specie in 1882 were $2,683,327, and the exports, $2,225,082; against $4,157,648 and $2,991,305 respectively in 1881.

Chief among the Argentine export staples is wool; the quantity shipped in 1882 was 111,009,796 kilogrammes, of the value of $29,033,000, against 89,259,122 in 1876. Next in importance after wool are hides, of which but 1,945,427, of the value of $8,286,000, were exported in 1882, against 2,325,866 in 1876; then follow sheep-skins (22,353,021, of the value of $4,095,000 in 1882, against 27,597,973 for 1876); jerked beef, 26,996,613 kilogrammes, $3,756,000; tallow, $2,699,000; maize, 107,827,155 kilogrammes, $2,141,000; live cattle, 94,649, $1,478,000; linseed, 23,351,794 kilogrammes, $1,650,000; bones, ores, etc.

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The distribution of this trade by flags was: Argentine, 57 per cent.; British, 24; French, 9; Uraguayan, 3; Paraguayan, 2; others, 5.

"We have no merchant navy," writes a native statistician, "unless that name be given to a few hundred barges, lighters, and schooners, which, with Italian and Austrian crews, ply on our rivers and carry the Argentine flag just as they might carry the Turkish."

Railways. The railways in operation, and in process of building, at the end of 1883, were as follow:

LINES.

Central Argentine (Rosario to Córdoba).
Northern Central (Córdoba to Tucuman).
Northern Central (Tucuman to Jujuy).
Northern Central (branch from Frias to
Santiago)....

Northern Central (branch from Recreo to
Chumbicha)*.

Andine (Villa Maria to La Paz)

Andine (La Paz to San Juan via Mendoza)
Western (Buenos Ayres to Bragado, and
branches to Pergamino and Lobos).
Western (extensions)
Southern (Buenos Ayres to Altamirano,
and branches to Olavarria and Tandil)..
Southern (Olavarria to Eahía Blanca)..
Northern (Buenos Ayres to El Tigre).
Ensenada (Buenos Ayres to Ensenada)..
Campana (Buenos Ayres to Campana)..

Eastern (Concordia to Ceibo)..
Puerto Ruiz and Gualeguay.
Rosario to Candelaria

Transandine (Mercedes in Buenos Ayres
to Mercedes in San Luis).

Agriculture, etc.-Until within a few years an importer, the Argentine Republic is now an exporter of wheat in constantly increasing quantities: 1,705,292 kilogrammes in 1882. Sugarculture is rapidly developing in Tucuman, Salta, Jujuy, Santiago, Corrientes, and in parts of the Gran Chaco and Misiones. The total sugar-crop for 1882 was estimated at 11,615,000 kilogrammes. Tucuman now grows 17,500 acres of cane, giving work to thirty-four mills. The vine is extensively cultivated; Catamarca, in 1881, produced 1,200,000 gallons of wine, valned at $108,000; and, in 1882, San Juan prodaced 5,236,186 gallons, valued at $1,107,275. Santa Fé Colonial... But the main sources of the country's wealth are cattle rearing and sheep-farming. There were in the republic, at the beginning of 1883, 93,000,000 head of sheep, while Australia's flocks numbered but 72,000,000, and those of the United States, 41,000,000; of horned cattle there were 16,000,000 in the republic; and of horses, about 5,000,000. The statistics of these industries, for the single province of Buenos Ayres, were given in the census returns of Oct. 9, 1881, as follow: Sheep, 57,838,073; horned cattle, 4,754.810; horses, 2,396,469; hogs, 155,134; goats, 7,612.

Shipping Movements.-The shipping movements at the various ports of the republic were as below, in 1882:

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Totals......

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Tramways. At the end of 1882 there were in the capital five tramway or horse-car lines, which, covering an aggregate of 95 miles, and with 1,001 employés, carried an average of 51,740 passengers daily. There were also lines in some of the smaller towns of the province of Buenos Ayres; Córdoba city had two lines, and Rosario one.

Telegraphy. The total length of the Argentine telegraph lines at the end of 1882 was 13,543 kilometres, of which 10,772 belonged to the Government; there were 202 offices, and the number of dispatches transmitted throughout the year was 509,928, of which 71,838

From Chumbicha the line is to be extended southwest to La Rioja, and northeast to Catamarca.

This line will open direct communication between Buenos Ayres and Santiago, the capital of Chili, and so between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

were official. By Dec. 31, 1883, 1,727 additional miles of Government line were completed.

Telephone. In December, 1882, there were two telephone companies in Buenos Ayres, with 1,500 subscribers.

Post-Office. In 1881 the number of letters that passed through the post-office was 9,723,740, of which 2,380,065 were official; and that of packages of printed matter, 6,132,374, of which 1,191,046 were to or from foreign

countries.

Improvements.-The much-needed work of improving the condition of the ports, which is "still almost the same as at the arrival of the first Spanish settlers," says President Roca, was continued actively during the past year. The canalization of the Riachuelo, at Buenos Ayres, was sufficiently far advanced in January, 1883, to admit vessels of 1,120 tons register, and the intention is to prepare the harbor for craft of all sizes.

ARIZONA. Territorial Government.-The following were the Territorial officers during the year: Governor, Frederick A. Tritle; Secretary, H. M. Van Arnam; Chief Justice of Supreme Court, Charles G. W. French; Associate Justices, Wilson W. Hoover and Daniel H. Pinney.

General Condition.-During the past two years the advancement of the Territory, both with regard to wealth in the development of profitable industries and increase of population, has been remarkable. The Territory can now claim 75,000 people and over $20,000,000 of taxable property; and while the progress of its civilization and the development of its resources have been opposed by most serious difficulties, it is now safe to say that those dangerous and disturbing elements are well under control. During the past two years exceptional development has been made in all industries, mining, grazing, and agricultural; extensive railroad enterprises have been successfully completed; and the affairs of the Territory generally are exceedingly prosperous.

The great natural facilities of the country for stock-raising and wool-growing are beginning to be understood, and large droves of cattle and sheep are being driven in from the neighboring States and Territories.

The valleys along the principal water-courses yield magnificent crops of grain, fruits, and vegetables, and even the mesa or table-lands adjacent will grow almost everything with a sufficient water-supply. The valleys of the Gila and Salt river are being rapidly settled.

Beyond the making of flour and lumber the manufacturing interests of the Territory are in their infancy. Some of the native plants furnish excellent material for the manufacture of paper, coarse cloths, mats, ropes, and other articles. No attempt has been made to utilize this raw material, although it is known that the aborigines have succeeded, in their crude way, in making ropes of fair quality.

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The estimated yield for 1883 has been placed at from 20,000,000 to 25,000,000 pounds.

The combined value of the silver and copper product for 1883 will be between fifteen and sixteen million dollars.

Agriculture and Grazing.-Irrigation is necessary to the raising of a crop in Arizona. It is estimated that there are at the present time between 60,000 and 70,000 acres under cultivation in the Territory, and that the quantity of grain (wheat, barley, and corn) produced during the year was nearly 60,000,000 pounds. In the valleys of the Gila and Salt rivers alone there are 400,000 acres which can be brought under cultivation, of which only about one tenth is now utilized. Two crops a year can be grown. After the wheat or barley is harvested, corn is planted. There are at present about 30,000 acres under cultivation along the Salt river, yielding, in 1883, 14,000,000 pounds of wheat, and 18,000,000 pounds of barley. Of fruit-trees there are nearly 40,000, and over 300,000 vines in bearing. Alfalfa is sown extensively, and yields three cuttings during the season, averaging two tons to the acre at a cutting. The number of cattle in the Territory is about 280,000, an increase of more than 300 per cent. during the past two years. It is estimated that the area of grazing-land in the Territory will reach 60,000 square miles. The country north of the thirty-fourth parallel is well adapted to the raising of sheep. The number of sheep in the Territory is placed at 300,000, and the yearly clip at 2,400,000 pounds.

As near as can be ascertained, the number of horses, mules, and hogs in the several counties is as follows:

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Horses. Mules. Hogs.

10,000

2,000 1,000 5,000 2,000 7,000

4,000 8,000

500

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500

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600

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300
200

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32,800 12,600 11,100

The School System.-No Territory of the Union has a better school system than Arizona. All children of school age are compelled to attend the public schools, and the expenses are borne by a direct tax on the people. A superintendent is elected every two years. In each county the probate judge is ex-officio superintendent of the schools of his county. According to the latest census, the number of schools was 97. The total revenue for school purposes in the Territory, for 1882, was $101,967.35.

past two years have shaken the feeling of security.

There are in Arizona about 25,000 Indians occupying lands reserved to them by the General Government. A large part of them are self-supporting, although about 5,000 depend almost entirely upon the Government. The tribes occupying the Territory are the Huala1,000 pais, Yumas, Papagoes, Pimas, Maricopas, Mohaves, Navajos, Ava Supies, and Moquis; also various branches of the Apache family, who have been placed upon the San Carlos Reservation. With the exception, perhaps, of the Hualapais and Yumas, these Indian tribes occupy some of the finest spots in the Territory, covering a vast area. The Hualapais and Yumas occupy reservations that are almost entirely barren lands. The principal dissatisfaction upon the San Carlos Reservation came from the Chiricahuas, and in April, 1882, it resulted in an open rebellion. On the morning of April 19th Loco's band of Chiricahuas broke out, and, after killing the chief of police, entered the valley of the Gila, and it is estimated that sixty industrious citizens were killed. The military force of the Territory was so small and so scattered that the raid was continued almost without interruption until the Indians reached the boundary line between Arizona and Sonora. Gen. Wilcox, then in command of this department, moved his forces with great activity, and the General of the Army, as well as the Secretary of War, responded promptly by sending more troops into the field, and several engagements took place within a few miles of the Sonora line, in which a number of the Indians were killed.

There are many small communities that fail to receive any advantage from the school fund, owing to the necessity of only organizing schools with a large number of pupils. The number of children of school age is nearly 10,000.

Railroads. Arizona is now in possession of two transcontinental railroads. The Southern Pacific enters the Territory at Yuma, and crosses nearly along the line of the thirty-second parallel. Its length through the Territory is 389 miles. From Benson, 40 miles east of Tacson, the Arizona and New Mexico Railroad branches from the Southern Pacific and runs southward to Guaymas, on the Gulf of California. The length of this road through Cochise and Pima counties is about 65 miles. The Atlantic and Pacific Railroad begins at Albuquerque, New Mexico, and strikes westward, following very nearly the line of the thirtyfifth parallel, to Colorado river. Its length through the Territory is about 350 miles. This road opens up the great coal-beds and the grand timber-belt of the Mogollon mountains. This great forest is nearly 200 miles in length by 60 in width, and contains some of the finest timber in the United States. There is also the Clifton and Lordsburg road, now nearly completed, running in this Territory a distance of about 60 miles, and furnishing an outlet to a very rich mineral and grazing region. Other roads have been projected, and some are under way. In connection with these roads there is over a thousand miles of telegraph lines.

The Indian Question.-One of the greatest drawbacks to the prosperity of Arizona has been found in the hostile Apaches. Up to 1874 they terrorized the entire Territory, kept out immigration and capital, and had life and property virtually at their mercy. In that year they were placed on a reservation, where those of them who are not absent in Mexico yet remain. It was supposed that an end had been put to Indian troubles, but the raids of the VOL. XXIII.-2 A

The survivors, supposed to number about 500, took up their abode in the Sierra Madre mountains, in Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico. They remained quiet until March, 1883, when a small number of them raided through Southeastern Arizona and Southwestern New Mexico, killed a number of citizens, and stole a large amount of property, returning to Mexico without receiving any punishment.

Gen. George Crook visited Sonora and Chihuahua and arranged with the authorities there to take a military force into Mexico for the purpose of capturing these Indians. He found them encamped in the Sierra Madre mountains, but upon his approach many of the fighting men fled. An engagement was had, and some Indians killed. Quite a large number of men, women, and children were captured. With these the general returned and placed them upon their reservation.

Lawlessness and the depredations of "cowboys" and "rustlers," who at one time held portions of the Territory in a condition of terrorism, have succumbed in a large degree to law and order.

ARKANSAS. State Government.-The State officers during the year were as follow: Governor, James H. Berry, Democrat; Secretary of State, Jacob Frolich; Auditor, A. W. Files;

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