1862, to January 2, 1863; again encountered and defeated him at Chickamauga, September 19 and 20, 1863; but was decisively defeated by General Grant at Chattanooga, November 23d25th. Shortly afterward he was relieved from command and called to Richmond, where for a time he acted as military adviser to President Davis, with whom he was a favorite. In the autumn of 1864 he led a small force from North Carolina to Georgia to operate against Sherman, but without success. BRAZIL (IMPERIO DO BRAZIL), an empire of South America, and the only monarchy in the Western Hemisphere. It extends from latitude 5° 10' north to 33° 46' south, and from longitude 34° 47′ to 74° 7' west.* It is bounded on the north by the United States of Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, and the Atlantic; on the east by the same ocean; on the south by Uruguay, the Argentine Republic, and Paraguay; and on the west by Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia. The boundary-lines with Bolivia, Colombia, the Guianas, and the Argentine Republic, have not yet been officially defined. The territory of the empire is divided into twenty provinces and one neutral municipality (municipio neutro), which, with their populations in 1876, and their capitals, are as follows: In the table above given, the figures corresponding to the provinces marked thus, *, are according to the recent census; those for the other provinces are merely estimated. It is presumed with reason that, as soon as the census-returns shall have been completed, the total population of the empire will be found to exceed 12,000,000. The number of uncivilized Indians, leading a nomadic life in the wilds and virgin forests of the interior, is reckoned to be about 1,000,000. The Government has constantly encouraged the efforts made to reclaim these savages to civilization and Christianity; and, despite the vast extent of territory over which they are disseminated, and the difficulty of obtaining an adequate corps of missionaries (there are but sixty-three at present engaged in the service), the results so far achieved are comparatively satisfactory. Many encampments have been established, particularly in the valleys of the Araguaya and the Amazon proper, for the performance of religious exercises, and for the education of the young, who readily acquire proficiency in reading, writing, and other elementary branches. The encamp ments, formerly under the exclusive control of the missionaries who founded them, are now, for the most part, subject to secular directors. The indigenous inhabitants, with the exception of a few small tribes, are of pacific habits and proverbial sobriety; they are endowed with great physical strength, are exceedingly agile and adroit, and easily trained to till the ground, work in the mines, and man the craft navigating the immense rivers of the interior. Yet their native proneness to wandering proves a serious obstacle to their fairly settling down to sedentary occupations. The children are enticed to the encampments by presents of useful tools and instruments of iron, and there, simultaneously with the moral and intellectual instruction of both sexes, the males are prepared. for carpenters, smiths, or other trades, while the females are usually employed as domestics. There is a project on foot for the formation of a regular corps of official interpreters, speaking the principal Indian languages, and destined to be attached to the various military colonies situated mainly in the great centres of the aboriginal population. Several colleges have already been organized for the education of the Indians, the most important being those of Santa Isabel, in the valley of the Araguaya, and Manáos, capital of the province of Amazonas, and the Government intends to establish one at Mucury, on the banks of the river Doce, in the midst of the region mainly inhabited by the Botocudos. by force of circumstances, from the time of The system of slavery, rendered necessary the foundation of the first European colonies on Brazilian soil, will, in the course of a few years, have altogether disappeared. By virtue of the law of September, 1871, no child of any color or degree is any longer born to slavery. The slaves belonging to or employed by the Government, or in the service of the imperial household, were declared free on the day on which the abolition law was promulgated. The rural establishment of São Pedro de Alcántara, in the province of Piauhy, was prepared as a place of refuge for a portion of the slaves, who entered immediately upon the enjoyment of freedom, and they are there employed as laborers in the national demesne, and their children, born since the proclamation of the law, are reared in an institute specially devoted to that purpose and in charge of a director, a female teacher for the primary branches of education, and a priest for their moral and religious instruction. For the slaves owned by private individuals a special emancipation fund has been formed, to be applied yearly for the purchase of their freedom, agreeably to the regulations published in 1871.* The sums appropriated for that fund in the fiscal years 1871 and 1875 amounted to $2,304,212; to which should be added the special appropriations in the several provinces, and donations from private philanthropists, from whom a large number of slaves receive their freedom every year. The number of emancipated slaves from the end of 1871 to the commencement of 1876 was 6,000; and that of the children born of slave mothers since the law of abolition was issued, 64,000. Naturalization is at present easily obtainable in Brazil, the only qualification required being a residence of two years within the empire, or of a like period abroad in the service of the Brazilian Government, and the evident intention of the applicant to remain in the country, or in its service, after he has become a citizen. One of the chief necessities of the country being an increased population, special efforts are made by the Government for the accomplishment of that end. Among other inducements and privileges offered to immigrantst are the following: proceeding from the United Kingdom. In the second half of 1876, the British Emigration Commissioners were desired, by the Secretary for the Colonies, to give publicity to the following further caution to persons desiring to emigrate to Brazil: In February, 1875, and again in June of the present year, the Emigration Commissioners were directed by her Majesty's Government to caution emigrants against proceeding to Brazil. It appears, however, by dispatches from her Majesty's minister at Rio de Janeiro, that emigrants have recently arrived from this country for the settlement known as Kittoland, in the province of Paraná, in Southern Brazil, and that accounts have been received at Rio that those emigrants are in a lamentable condition. Under these circumstances, the Emigration Commissioners have been directed to repeat their caution to persons invited to emigrate to Kittoland or any other settlement in Brazil, to consider well before they do so. Her Majesty's minister at Rio has sent home a statement made by a respectable emigrant, who proceeded to Kittoland in June last, to the effect that, on his arrival at the settlement, he found that it comprised very little table-land, but that there were heavy woods, and that, generally speak The payment by the Government of the difference in the amount of passage-money from the port of departure to the United States and that to Brazil; the advancement of the full passage-money to families intending to settle in the government colonies; exemption from import duty on all effects the prop erty of and brought into the country by the immi-ing, the spot was unfit for habitation. He added that grants; a hunting-gun given to each adult; etc., etc. There were in 1875 fifteen colonies immediately dependent upon the central Government, with a population of 23,018, against 16,412 in 1873; about a dozen others founded under the auspices of provincial governments, and a number belonging to private companies, some of whom, however, receive subsidies from the na See ANNUAL CYCLOPEDIA for 1872. See ANNUAL CYCLOPEDIA for 1872, 1873, 1874, and 1875. not a single house had been erected, and that there was no road within twenty miles; that there were who were living under tents, and that the English at that time in the settlement but three Englishmen, emigrants whom he met at Curitiba, on his way to Kittoland, appeared to be in a deplorable condition. This statement was made on oath before her Majesty's minister at Rio, and is confirmed by two other British subjects, one of whom states that he had resided at Curitiba for eight years. In the end the emigrant returned to Rio, on his way to this country, having lost by his emigration no less than £175 in money, besides the value of tools and other articles he had taken with him. The Emigration Commissioners recommend persons invited to emi grate seriously to consider the above statement and to compare it with the expectation held out to them by the promoters of the emigration. If they do so, they cannot fail to see that it contradicts those expectations in several of the most important points. This is especially the case in regard to the promised erection of a "reception-house" for the accommodation of settlers on their first arrival, the provision of employment on public works for such as required it, the early construction of the tramway between the settlement and Curitiba, and the establishment of stores at which settlers might both purchase what they require and sell their surplus produce at fair prices. If, however, notwithstanding this caution, emigrants decide to proceed to the Kittoland settlement, the responsibility for any disappointment they may meet with will be their own. (For the Constitution and Government of Brazil, reference may be made to the ANNUAL CYCLOPEDIA for 1875.) The Emperor, Dom Pedro II. de Alcántara, John Charles Leopold Salvador Bibiano Francis Xavier de Paule Leocadio Michael Gabriel Raphael Gonzague, born December 2, 1825, son of Dom Pedro I. de Alcántara (King of Portugal and Emperor of Brazil), is the present sovereign. He reigned under tutelage, by virtue of the act of abdication of his father, from April 7, 1831, until July 23, 1840, when he was declared by law to have attained his majority; was. crowned on July 18, 1841; and married on September 4, 1843, to Theresa Christina Maria, born March 14, 1822, daughter of the late King Francis I. of the two Sicilies. BOTOCUDO INDIANS. The new cabinet, formed June 25, 1875, is composed as follows: Interior, Councilor J. B. da Cunha Figueiredo, Senator; Justice, Councilor Diogo Velho, Deputy; Foreign Affairs, Baron de Cotegipe, Senator; War, Duke de Caxias, Senator, and President of the Council of State; Navy, Councilor L. A. Pereira Franco; Finance, Baron de Cotegipe (ad interim); and Public Works, Commerce, and Agriculture, T. J. Coelho de Almeida, Deputy. The Council of State is made up of the following members in ordinary: Princess Imperial Donna Izabel; Prince Gaston d'Or The President of the Senate, which is composed of eight members elected for life, is Viscount de Jaguary; Vice-President, Viscount de Camaragibe. bers elected for four years, has now for Presi The Chamber of Deputies, with 122 mem dent Councilor M. F. Corrêa; Councilor A. J. Henriques; J. P. M. Portella; A. G. de Paula Fonseca. The Archbishop of Bahia, J. G. de Azevedo (elevated in 1875), is Primate of all Brazil, and there are eleven bishops: those of Pará, São Luiz, Fortaleza, Olinda, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Porto Alegre, Marianna, Diamantina, Goyaz, and Cuyabá. The regular army (peace footing) comprises a special corps (staff, 29 men; engineers, 56; states, 118; almoners, 79; sanitary corps, 145) of 427 men; twenty-one battalions of infantry, 9,864 men; five regiments, two detachments, one squadron, and four garrison companies of horse, 2,484; and three regiments and four battalions of artillery, with one battalion of engineers, 3,280: total, 16,055 men. The strength of the army in time of war is fixed at 32,000 men. The police force consists of 9,662 men, of whom 800 are in Rio de Janeiro. The National Guard has been disbanded, to be reorganized in accordance with the results of a new census. The Brazilian Government still maintains, in Paraguay, an occupation-brigade 1,500 strong -horse, foot, and artillery. According to the terms of the law of February 27, 1875, governing military conscription, every Brazilian is in duty bound to take up arms to maintain the independence and integrity of the empire. No army or navy officer can be deprived of his rank without trial. 1852 4 per cents.. 66 66 66 66 Total. .£1,210,000, emitted at 95 270,000, 93 775,000, 90 2,690,000, 66 88 6,184,200, The navy of the empire consists of 19 iron- Brazil has seven loans (all at Rothschild's) clad steamers, 1 steam-frigate, 8 steam-cor- in London, which amounted in January, 1876, vettes, 23 steam-gunboats, 7 steam-transports, to the following sums: and 3 sail-of-the-line; the total armament is 230 guns, and the aggregate horse-power of the steamers 12,027. There were, besides, one school-ship, and one brig for midshipmen, both without armament; in process of construction, 1 steam iron-clad, and 4 steam-corvettes. There were in the navy 15 general staff officers, 338 first-class and 159 second-class officers, a sanitary corps 65 strong, 24 almoners, 215 accountants, 78 guardians, 33 engineers, 3,000 imperial marines, a naval battalion 913 strong, and 3,400 apprentices-total, 7,313. The Government paper-money of Brazil was only $85,000,000 before the Paraguayan War; $8,732,219 but it rose to $110,000,000 in 1869; since then 2,436,568 it has been reduced every year, being, in June, 582,855 1876, about $99,000,000, including Treasury 9,699,015 bills. Besides the Government paper-money, 21,248,901 three banks have the right of emission, viz.: 13,049,207 the Bank of Brazil $16,500,000, including $3,$60.742,912 350,000 at the branches of Pernambuco, Bahia, 45,331,870 São Paulo, Minas, Maranhão, Pará, and Rio $15,411,542 Grande do Sul. $64,775,405 60,511,158 The budget for the year 1875-76 exhibits the estimated revenue at $64,775,405, and the expenditure at $60,511,158, leaving a surplus of $4,264,247. The entire national debt amounted, in June, Total.. £19,815,400 29,000,000 £72,018,484 or $360,067,170 The Bank of Bahia emits $800,000, and that of Maranhão $135,000; which, added to the sum for the Bank of Brazil, make up a total of $1,933,500 in bank emission. No more recent returns of the commerce of Brazil have been published than those given in the ANNUAL CYCLOPÆDIA for 1875; but, in tho absence of new general tables, it may not be details relative to the chief articles of export uninteresting to insert here a few statistical from the empire. Coffee.-This staple alone, which is cultivated from the Amazon southward to the province of São Paulo, and from the shores of the Atlantic westward to the most westerly limits of The total quantity of coffee now produced in the empire is estimated at 572,000,000 lbs. per annum, of which one-fifth, approximately, is reserved for home consumption; and the total number of coffee-shrubs is stated, by competent authority, to be not under 600,000,000. Cotton. This staple has been constantly cultivated, from the early colonial times down to the present. The following comparative table serves to exhibit the increase in the quantities and value of the cotton exported in the five-year periods 1839-'44 and 1869-'74: Hides-dry and salted-manifest in like manner a constant increase in quantity and value of exports. There were 61,451,372 lbs. of these commodities sent out of the country in the five years 1869-'74, at a value of $5,829,576, being more than double the quantity and nearly four times the value of the exports of the same articles in the quinquennial period 1839-'44. It is calculated that there are at the present time 20,000,000 head of bovine cattle in Brazil, representing a value of $113,600,000. India-rubber. This important commodity, extracted from the Siphonia elastica, which grows spontaneously in great abundance in the provinces of Pará and Amazonas, from the sea-shore to a distance of some 2,000 miles westward, has become of late years the object of an immense trade, and is steadily advancing in value. Here follows a table of the exports of India-rubber for the same periods given in the foregoing tabular statistics: Tobacco, in the periods hitherto referred to, increased threefold in quantity exported, and more than eightfold in value. The exports do not, however, yet exceed 6,500,000 lbs. per annum, at a value of about $742,000. At the beginning of 1876 there were, in Brazil, twenty-two lines of railway, with an aggregate length of 1,143 miles; sixteen lines in course of building, with an aggregate length of 830 miles; and some twenty-eight projected, to have a total length of 4,080 miles. BRONGNIART, ADOLPHE THÉODORE, a French botanist, born January 14, 1801; died February 18, 1876. He was the son of Alexandre Brongniart, an eminent French naturalist. At an early age he devoted himself to the study of the natural sciences, particularly to that of botany, making the history of the cryptogams a special study. Before 1825 he published his "Classification des Champignons,' and in 1828 he presented to the French Institute the first two volumes of his "Histoire des Végétaux Fossiles, ou Recherches Botaniques et Géologiques sur les Végétaux renfermés dans les Diverses Couches du Globe." The progress of this last-named work was interrupted by his feeble health. He was appointed, in 1833, Professor of Botany in the Museum of Natural History, and in 1852 Inspector-General of the University for the Natural Sciences. In 1834 he was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences in the place of Desfontaines, and in 1866 he was created a member of the Council for Secondary Special Instruction, and a member of the Imperial Council of Public Instruction. He was one of the founders of the "Annales des Sciences Naturelles," and contributed to this, as well as to other scientific |