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the Amazwazies, another of the native tribes, and a considerable force was organized to proceed against Secocoeni. Early in July an attack was made by the allies upon the Caffre fortress at Johannesstadt. The Amazwazies stormed the fort with bravery, and would have achieved a complete success, but that the Boers, who were to have supported them by advancing from another side, did not come up. On the 27th of July an attempt was made to storm the headquarters of Secocoeni, but the allied chief Mapaslella led a part of the force of the Government into an ambuscade, whereby they suffered great loss. For this, Mapaslella and some of his officers were put to death, his village was destroyed, and 5,000 huts were burned and 169 of his people slaughtered. The course of events turned to the advantage of Secocoeni. By the end of August the force of the Government was reported to be substantially annihilated. The survivors fled to Pretoria. A position was maintained at Steel Poort, with the help of mercenary troops under General Van Schlickmann. These troops have been charged with committing outrages against the women and children of the natives, the effect of which was not beneficial to the cause of the Government. A novement was made, led chiefly by the English in the diamondfields, to call for the intervention of the English authorities at Natal, but it was not countenanced by the Volksraad, which met early in September. About this time Cetchwayo, the Zooloo king, announced to the Government of Natal that he could no longer restrain his people, and threatened to move upon the Transvaal with a force of nearly 40,000 men, and a general rising of the natives seemed imminent. Happily these apprehensions were not fulfilled. On the 17th of November General Van Schlickmann's forces attacked a minor fortress belonging to Secocoeni, but were twice repulsed, and General Van Schlickmann was killed. After this engagement Secocoeni's people assumed a bolder attitude. The course of events in the Transvaal country was observed with solicitude by the people and governments of the neighboring English colonies, for they apprehended that, if the natives succeeded in overcoming the Boers, the other European settlements would be exposed to the peril of gen

eral attacks; and there were, besides, many British subjects in the territory of the republic whose interests and rights were injuriously affected by the hostilities. Nevertheless, the offers made by the English to assist, by negotiation or otherwise, were not received favorably by the Transvaal authorities. A peace was concluded with Secocoeni on February 5, 1877, he agreeing to pay an indemnity of 2,000 cattle, to submit to all the laws of the country, and to obey all the decrees of the Government regarding himself and his people. Quiet has also been restored among the Zooloos. TURKEY, an empire in Eastern Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa. Reigning sovereign, Sultan Abdul-Hamid II., born September 22, 1842; succeeded his elder brother, Sultan Murad V., August 31, 1876. (See ABDUL-HAMID.) The heir-presumptive to the throne is Mehemet Reshad Effendi, the brother of the present Sultan, born November 3, 1844. The area and population were as follows, according to the latest estimates:

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The empire is divided into vilayets, under governors-general (valis). They are subdivided into sanjaks (districts) under governors (mutessarifs), and these into cazas (circles) under lieutenant-governors (kaimakams), and the latter into nahiyes (communes). The mayors of villages are called mukhtars. The boundaries of the vilayets are constantly undergoing changes, which, however, do not generally affect the boundaries of the sanjaks, but consist in the transfer of one or several sanjaks to another vilayet, or in their erection into independent vilayets. In 1876* European Turkey was divided into the following vilayets:

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If we add to these figures the islands in the European waters-Samothrace, Imbros, Lemnos, and Hagiostrati, which in an administrative point of view belong to an Asiatic vilayet of 402 square miles, with 27,800 Christians and 1,874 Mohammedans: total, 29,674 inhabitants we obtain for European Turkey an area of 140,368 square miles, with 4,820,243 Christians, 3,611,480 Mohammedans, and 75,165 Jews: total, 8,506,888 inhabitants.

ancient Illyrians. The northern boundary of the territory inhabited by them embraces the south and the east of Montenegro, and almost extends to the Bulgarian Morava, while the southern boundary-line separates it from Hellas. The Roumanians in the principality of Roumania also belong to the Græco-Latin family. Some colonies of Roumanians are also found in the midst of the Bulgarians, the Servians, and in the Dobrudja. As the boundaries of the sanjaks are generally undisturbed by the changes made in the vilayets, the following table, giving the number of Christians and Mohammedans in each sanjak, is of permanent value:

SANJAK.

Constantinople..
1. Serayevo..
2. Zvornik
3. Travnik.
4. Novibazar
5. Banialuka

6. Bihatch..

7. Herzegovina

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8. Monastir (Bitolia).... Monastir (or Bi

9. Korytza..
10. Prisread..
11. Ushkub..
12. Dibra.
13. Scutari.
14. Janina..
15. Prevesa

According to W. Jakshitch, chief of the statistical bureau of Belgrade, Servia, the inhabitants of Turkey proper in Europe were divided in regard to nationality into 3,732,300 Slavi (1,871,800 Servians, 1,860,500 Bulgarians), 1,024,200 Greeks, 1,229,200 Albanians, 199,600 Roumanians, and 2,210,800 Turks. Comparing the number of Turks with the number of Mohammedans as given above, it appears that the Turkish race constitutes less than twothirds of the Mohammedan population of European Turkey. The remainder is made up of Mohammedans, Bosnians, Bulgarians, and Albanians. In Bosnia, in particular, the entire nobility has embraced Islamism, in order to retain its feudal privileges, and, while strictly adhering to its nationality and language, has repeatedly shown a fanatical opposition to all concessions which the Porte has made or intended to make to its Christian subjects. In three only of the thirty-three sanjaks-Rustchuk, Tultcha, and Varna (in the vilayet of the Danube)-the Turkish race constitutes the bulk of the population. The Turks are also numerous in the Rhodope Mountains, on the boundary between the Bulgarians and Greeks (the vilayets of Adrianople and Salonica). On the coast of the Egean Sea and the Sea of Mar- 26. Gallipoli mora, as well as on the southeastern coast of the Black Sea, they live in the midst of the more numerous Greeks, but they disappear more and more the nearer we approach Constantinople. On all the coasts mentioned the Greeks have a numerical preponderance. They inhabit in compact masses the sanjaks on the Egean Sea and the Sea of Marmora, those on the Black Sea up to the river Kamtchyk, and the island of Crete. The Slavic Bulgarians live south of the Danube, and their territory is

bounded by the Danube, the Timok, and a line passing through the cities Nissa, Prisrend, Ochrida, Kastoria, Niaghusta, Salonica, Adrianople, Burgas on the Black Sea, Slivno, and Rasgrad. Sporadically they are found among the Albanese, the Greeks, the Wallachians, and in the Dobrudja. The other of the large Slavic tribes of Turkey, the Servians, inhabiting the principality of Servia, Bosnia, the Herzegovina, and Montenegro, occupy the territory between the Bulgarian Morava, the Save, and the Dalmatian frontier as far as Albania. On the right bank of the Bulgarian Morava they are living intermixed with the Roumanians. The Albanians, whom the Turks call Arnauts, while they call themselves Skipetars, are of Græco-Latin origin, and are regarded as descendants of the

16. Argyro Kastro

17. Berat.
18. Trikala

19. Salonica..

20. Seres..
21. Drama
22. Adrianople.
23. Philippopolis.
24. Slivno
25. Rodosto

27. Rustchuk.
28. Tultcha.
29. Varna,

30. Ternova..

31. Widin
82. Sophia.
88. Nissa..

Herzegovina

tolia)...

66

90.000 66,000

177,000 44,000

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in the budget for the Turkish year 1291 (from The estimates of revenue and expenditure March, 1875, to March, 1876) were as follows (value expressed in purses: 1 purse = 500 piasters; 1 piaster $0.0432):

25 per cent. additional..
Tax on sheep..

" swine.

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Tithes..

1,392,000

848.000

403.960

6,430

11,000

80,000

415,000

830,000

193,000

60,000

10,000

29.138

95,300

8,373,528

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