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LOUGH, JOHN GRAHAM, a British sculptor, born about 1805; died April 9, 1876. In early life he was a ploughboy in Northumberland, where accidentally his artistic taste became known to a neighboring gentleman, who assisted him to obtain a suitable education. He came up to London, made the Elgin Marbles in the British Museum his study, and became an exhibitor at the Royal Academy in 1826. In the following year he produced a statue of Milo, which, together with a companionstatue, "Samson," was purchased by the Duke of Wellington. He afterward spent four years in Rome. In 1845 he executed the statue of Prince Albert, for Lloyd's. He was also commissioned in the first instance to execute the lions for the Nelson Monument in Trafalgar Square.

LOUISIANA. The regular session of the Louisiana Legislature began on the 3d of January, and came to a close on the 2d of March. Lieutenant-Governor Antoine presided in the Senate, and Mr. Estilette was Speaker of the House. On the 11th of January a motion was made, in the House, to proceed to the election of a United States Senator. A protest was made by several Republican members, on the ground that P. B. S. Pinchback had been duly elected in 1873, and no vacancy existed. A vote was, nevertheless, taken, most of the Republicans refusing to take part in the election, and J. B. Eustis received 61 votes out of the 63 cast. He was subsequently chosen Senator in joint convention of the two Houses, and a petition was sent to the Senate of the United States by three Republican members of the Legislature, praying that Mr. Eustis be admitted to a seat in that body, and setting forth their reasons for participating in the election. Chief among these was that the seat had been virtually refused to Mr. Pinchback, and a vacancy existed, which it was for the interest of the State to have filled.

The legislation of the session was not so important for what was done as for what was attempted by the House and defeated by the Senate. Several important measures looking to a reduction of expenses and a reform of abuses originated in the lower branch and failed to pass the upper. The most important subject discussed was the regulation of elections. A strong effort was made in the House to replace the old election law with a new one. A bill for the purpose was reported, with the following descriptive title:

An act to provide for the time, manner, and place of holding elections in this State; to provide for the appointment of commissioners of election, and directing the mode of counting and of compiling the votes, and making the returns of the election, and directing the promulgating of the results of elections; to provide penalties for intimidation and violence at the polls, and other attempts to prevent a fair, free, and peaceable election; to provide proceedings for contest for office, and to repeal all other laws inconsistent with this act.

It was very stringent in its provisions, but

proposed to do away with the Returning Board contrivance, and impose upon the Secretary of State the duty of consolidating the returns received from the clerks of the district courte and make an official report of the vote to the Governor, who should proclaim the result. This act passed the House, and a counter-movement was made in the Senate, through another election bill, making some changes in the law, but retaining the Returning Board feature, three of the members of the Board to be elected by the Senate and two by the House of Representatives. Neither House would agree to the bill passed by the other, and a conference committee failed to devise any measure acceptable to both, so that no change was made in the existing law.

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Among the acts passed during the session was one apportioning the representation in the Legislature among the various districts of the State, and one submitting several amendments to the constitution. The first amendment limits the expenses of the General Assembly to $175,000 per year, and fixes the salary of the members of the Legislature at $5 a day, and their mileage at twenty cents a mile; the second provides that all bills must be signed by tho Governor five days after their reception by him during the session, or become laws; and that all bills not signed by him twenty days after the session shall become laws; the third abolishes the parish judges, and confers their jurisdiction on the district judges; the fourth reduces the salary of the Governor from $8,000 to $6,000 a year; the fifth prohibits the taking of any fees by the Auditor of State, State Treasurer, Attorney-General of the State, or any district attorney.

A joint resolution was adopted asking gov ernment aid for the Texas Pacific Railroad.

Judge Jacob Hawkins, of the Superior District Court of the parish of Orleans, was removed from office by an address of the two Houses directing the Governor to make the removal, for incompetency and arbitrary conduct. The committee reporting the address

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based their action on twenty-eight allegations, showing unfitness for the position.

A report was made about the middle of February by the House committee appointed at the extra session of 1875, to examine into the accounts of the Auditor and Treasurer. In this it was stated that at different times in 1874 and 1875 sums amounting in the aggregate to $198,417.31 had been drawn from the interestfund without warrant. These were mostly advances for police expenses, and were restored to the fund, so that the State suffered no loss. The committee declared that Antoine Dubuclet, the Treasurer, was less guilty in the violations of law that had been committed than "William Pitt Kellogg, the originator of the whole scheme-than Jacob Hawkins, the Judge of the Superior District Court of Orleans, who used his influence to encourage the nefarious deed-than Henry C. Dibble, the then acting Attorney-General, who advised the unlawful act, when he should have guarded the interests of the State-less guilty than J. H. Oglesby, the Fiscal Agent of the Metropolitan Board of Police, and president of the bank, the depositary of the State funds, who lent his official aid to a diversion of funds, of which he was the keeper under the law, and, as it will appear, received a pecuniary compensation of $6,696.67, for interest and commission on a loan made out of State funds by the State Treasurer." The report closed with a recommendation that Governor Kellogg and Treasurer Dubuclet be impeached, that Assistant Attorney-General H. C. Dibble be "addressed out of office," and that criminal proceedings be instituted against Alfred Shaw and J. H. Oglesby.

On the 25th of February a resolution was adopted in the House, providing for the appointment of a committee of seven, "to examine and ascertain charges against W. P. Kellogg, and, if there are any, to so report, with a view to impeachment." The committee was immediately appointed. A majority reported on the 27th that Governor Kellogg had been "guilty of many and divers high crimes and misdemeanors in office against the laws, the constitution, and the people of the State of Louisiana," subsequent to the 14th of April, 1875, at which time it had been agreed by the "Wheeler compromise" that he should not be disturbed for any previous official misconduct. The principal offense charged was procuring a withdrawal from the Treasury of money set apart for the payment of interest, and using it for other purposes. The report concluded with a resolution impeaching William P. Kellogg, "acting Governor of the State of Louisiana," for high crimes and misdemeanors, and directing the appointment of a committee of five to prepare articles of impeachment. A minority of the committee of seven, consisting of two members, submitted a report protesting against the action of the majority in reporting resolutions of impeachment, without examining

into the charges or taking any evidence, or even allowing the Governor to appear in person or by counsel before the committee. The majority report was adopted on the 28th by a vote of 61 to 45, and a committee was at once appointed to prepare articles of impeachment, and to notify the Senate of the proceedings. Notice was given to the Senate the same evening, and that body immediately resolved itself into a High Court of Impeachment, Chief-Justice Ludeling presiding. A resolution was adopted, by a vote of 23 to 9, notifying the House that the Senate was ready to proceed with the trial, and would allow until 7 P. M., it being then after six, for the preparation and presentation of charges. None being made before that hour, an order was adopted, by a vote of 25 to 9, dismissing the impeachment, and declaring that such action amounted to an acquittal. The reasons given were: "Because the committee appointed to investigate Governor Kellogg refused to give him the right of appearing at their deliberations; that they furnished no list of witnesses; that the impeachment was prompted by revolutionary and partisan purposes; that it was in violation of the Wheeler compromise; that it is known to the Senate that Governor Kellogg's official acts were not unlawful; that the House had adjourned before a notification could be given that the Senate was ready to proceed to trial, and that such adjournment was for the purpose of obstructing the trial, and preventing the Senate from proceeding with it; and, finally, that the impeachment articles contained no specific charges."

The following protest was made by several Senators, but the Senate, by a vote of 21 to 13, refused to allow it to be read or entered upon the minutes:

That not an hour was given to the House of Representatives to prepare specified articles of impeachment. That the managers of the House of Repre sentatives were not recognized by the court. That every motion to close the doors and deliberate upon the important questions submitted was voted down. That the order of acquittal has been declared without giving the prosecution an opportunity to be heard, without any evidence adduced, without any deliberation or discussion, and is calculated to encourage the commission of high crimes and misdemeanors by public officials, and by this unauthorized impunity from trial offers a premium to public of fenders.

The Chief-Justice then formally declared Kellogg acquitted, and the court adjourned sine die. Notwithstanding this action, the committee of the House prepared fourteen articles of impeachment, and submitted them on the 1st of March, when they were adopted by the House. On the 2d of March, the last day of the session, the committee made a report, reciting the facts and circumstances of the case, and submitting the following resolutions, which, with the report itself, were adopted by a vote of 54 to 37:

Resolved by the House of Representatives, That the Senate, by its partisan and arbitrary conduct, has

deprived the people of the State of an opportunity of bringing to trial the Chief Magistrate of the State, charged with high crimes and misdemeanors, and with criminal neglect and violation of his official duty.

Resolved, That the members of the Senate, having formed and expressed their opinion that the said accused is entirely innocent, are disqualified from now sitting in judgment on the trial of the impeachment, and that this House can proceed no further in the premises, and are powerless to resent this flagrant outrage upon right, justice, and decency, and can only refer the matter to the people of the State for their consideration.

The same day Governor Kellogg sent a message to the House, replying to the several charges contained in the fourteen articles of impeachment, and concluding as follows:

In these fourteen frivolous accusations are concentrated all charges of wrong-doing which a majority of the House of Representatives, actuated by the strongest feelings of partisan enmity, have been able to concoct against me after fifty-nine days' session, innumerable investigations, and the utmost scrutiny

of the records of the State, even by going behind the barrier of the Wheeler adjustment.

Only one other accusation has been made against me, namely, that in a time of revolution, of great public exigency, I sanctioned a temporary diversion of the State funds, which could not and did not result in the loss of a dollar to the State, and took this course solely in the public interest, and to protect the property of the city.

If the Senate had not already acquitted me of high crimes and misdemeanors, the accusations passed at this late hour would have formed in themselves a complete assertion of my official rectitude. Added to this, I refer to the notoriously and often-repeated propositions made by Democratic members of the Legislature, and others authorized to speak for them, that if I would secure the passage by the Senate of the House election bill, and certain other laws to further the partisan ends of my accusers, no effort would be made to impeach me.

I submit that these facts of themselves fully justify me in asserting that my accusers did not and do not believe me to have been guilty of high crimes and misdemeanors against the State.

The delegates of the Democratic party of

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the State to the National Convention at St. Louis were appointed at the convention held in New Orleans, on the 5th of January. (For the platform and other proceedings, see ANNUAL CYCLOPÆDIA, 1875.) The State Central Committee, which was chosen at the same time, had a meeting on the 10th of February, and issued an address to the people. The following extract illustrates the spirit with which the canvass was opened:

The time for decisive action has arrived. The issues are few in number, and simple in their character. The course is plain and straightforward. There must be an honest government in Louisianaa State the fairest among all her sisters-or Louisiana, burdened with debt, exhausted by taxation, and suffering from the supremacy of ignorance over intelligence, will become a colony for convicts and the home of depravity. The people, for whom this committee speaks, are resolved, in this centennial of their liberties, to test the relative strength of intelligence and ignorance. They will use no violence,

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The following resolution was also adopted by the committee:

Whereas, It is apparent that the radical party in the State of Louisiana, despairing of success by fair means, have resolved to pursue the same policy by which in the past they have been enabled, against the wishes and voice of a majority of the people, to secure possession of the government of the State, and by the aid of Federal bayonets to retain the possession thus fraudulently and violently obtained; and

Whereas, It is evident that they have determined at every cost to perpetuate the Returning Board, which has heretofore done so much to render futile

our victories at the ballot-box, and to destroy the liberties of the people: therefore, be it

Resolved, That the Central Executive Committee of the Democratic Conservative party of the State of Louisiana earnestly urges upon the Democratic and Conservative members of the Legislature to exhaust every means in their power to prevent such an outrage upon the people of the State as the passage of an election bill containing any provision establishing a Returning Board with unlimited power, or with any power which will enable them to defeat the will of the people as expressed at the ballotbox.

The Republican Convention for the nomination of delegates to the National Convention at Cincinnati was held at New Orleans on the 30th and 31st of May. W. P. Kellogg, P. B. S. Pinchback, S. B. Packard, and W. G. Brown, were the delegates at large. The platform, after alluding to the achievements of the Republican party, and pledging coöperation in support of its principles, submitted the following measures of national policy:

1. The nomination of a candidate for the presidency whose personal character will afford a guarantee of an honest, able, economical, and effective administration of the national Government upon Republican principles.

2. A system of Federal finance which will insure the collection of the revenues, punish all official or other frauds upon the Treasury, and bring about a steady, speedy, and permanent return to the payment of specie into and out of the Treasury in ail Federal transactions.

3. A system of revenue, taxation, and assessment which, while it shall provide ample means to meet the public expenditures and obligations, shall assume the protection of certain national interests against the destructive competition of foreign productions, especially insisting that the capital and labor employed in the production of the national staples of sugar and rice should be included among any articles entitled to such protection.

4. The just apportionment of Federal appropriations for national works of internal improvement. Taking into account the immense advances received by our more fortunate sister States during the period when Democratic domination denied to the Southern States their just share of the common fund, such a measure of equalization would justify national aid to a Southwestern Pacific Railroad and branches, to the protection by levees of the capital and labor employed in the culture of cotton, sugar, and rice, and to the effectual navigation of the Mississippi River, its principal tributaries, and its outlet.

Resolutions were also adopted declaring that the delegates to the National Convention should be left untrammeled in their action, expressing approval of the Administration of President Grant, and declaring the Hon. O. P. Morton was "entitled to the warm gratitude of the Republicans of all the Southern States, and especially of Louisiana." "Opposition was declared to the Hawaiian treaty, and the following was also among the resolutions adopted:

Resolved, That the assassination of many hundreds of prominent Union men in the South on account of their political principles, the massacre of thousands of inoffensive colored citizens, the relegation of nearly all the Southern States to the control of the disloyal elements whose treason brought about the war, and the election of a national Congress largely composed of ex-leaders of the Confederate army, indicate grave national dangers, which demand the

enactment of such additional laws, and the enforcement of such a policy, as shall secure to every citizen of the United States, in fact as well as in name, the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, irrespective of his political views, and irrespective of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

The Republican Convention for the nomination of candidates for State offices began at New Orleans on Tuesday, June 27th. There were two prominent factions, and a permanent organization was not effected until the following Saturday, when P. B. S. Pinchback was chosen president. On the same day a platform was adopted, consisting of the following statements, and a reaffirmation of the principles declared at the previous convention:

1. The Republican party of Louisiana, in convention assembled, reaffirm the tenets and principles of the national Republican party as declared from time to time, and especially as enunciated in the platform adopted at the National Convention held at Cincinnati, June 14, 1876. We particularly commend and indorse the declaration that the United States of America is a nation and not a league, and that upon the nation devolves the duty of protecting the citizens of the United States in all their rights, at home and abroad; thus maintaining fully the Constitution of the United States and the amendments thereto.

2. We hail the nomination of Governor Rutherford B. Hayes with pleasure and pride, believing that in his elevation to the presidency the country will secure an Administration which will maintain the rights of all classes of citizens of the republic, and which will administer the government economically and execute the laws faithfully. We are not less gratified at the nomination for Vice-President of William A. Wheeler, whose reputation as a Repub lican and character as a statesman are national. In our ticket we see a guarantee of success. We indorse and ratify it.

3. The Republican party of Louisiana are in full accord with the national Republican party upon all financial questions as declared in the Cincinnati platform; and we believe that during the Administration of President Hayes a resumption of specie payment can be effected through a return to general commercial and productive prosperity throughout the Union.

Two more days were occupied in making nominations and agreeing upon a State Central Committee. The ticket for State officers finally accepted was: For Governor, S. B. Packard ; for Lieutenant-Governor, C. C. Antoine; for Secretary of State, Emile Honoré; for Auditor, George B. Johnson; for Attorney-General, W. H. Hunt; for Superintendent of Education, W. G. Brown. The candidates for presidential electors were: J. H. Burch, William P. Kellogg, at large; and L. A. Sheldon, Peter Joseph, Morris Marks, A. B. Levissée, O. H. Brewster, and Oscar Joffrion, from the districts. P. B. S. Pinchback was made chairman of the State Central Committee.

The Democratic nominating convention was held at Baton Rouge, beginning on the 24th of July, and continuing four days. The report of the Committee on Credentials was not made until the third day, and then organization was promptly effected, and the following platform adopted:

We, the representatives of the Democratic Conservative party of the State of Louisiana, in convention assembled, do hereby declare administrative and political reform to be the paramount issue in the coming general election, and we earnestly appeal to our fellow-citizens, of every former political association of white and colored, to zealously cooperate with us in our pronounced effort to effect such reform. We arraign the radical party of Louisiana for marked and frequent violations of the letter and spirit of the Constitution; for the assumption of illicit powers for the benefit of party, and to the great injury and almost total ruin of the State; for fomenting dissensions between the races and deliberately exciting strife and turmoil, thereby cruelly sacrificing the lives of colored and white citizens, with the intent of procuring unwarranted and unconstitutional interference in our State affairs.

We denounce the usurpative and bad government which Louisiana has suffered for the last four years, a usurpation under which officers elected by the people have been displaced, the government arbitrarily overthrown by Federal power, the Legislature invaded and dispersed by bayonets in time of profound peace; and such violent and unlawful interference adds but another to the long list of crimes for which the Republican party should be held to

account in November next.

We hereby proclaim that it is our desire and fixed purpose under any and every provocation to have a fair and peaceable election; but we demand and will insist that there shall be no violence or intimidation exercised toward such of our colored fellow-citizens as may wish to cooperate with us for the redemption of the State from misrule.

We fully recognize the binding effect of the three recent articles of amendment to the Constitution of the United States, and accept the same as a final settlement of the controversies that engendered civil war, and we pledge ourselves to protect every citizen in the exercise of the rights acquired and guaranteed by said amendments, whatever be his race, color, or previous condition.

We hereby pledge our party to the satisfaction of all the legal obligations issued by the State of Louisiana; to the most strenuous efforts in the direction of reform and an economical administration of the government, and especially to the abolition of all unnecessary public officers; to the reduction of the fees and salaries of offices; to the standard of a fair remuneration and the consequent reduction of taxation to the lowest possible limit commensurate with the necessary expenses of the government and the preservation of the public faith, and to the curtailment of the dangerously-large patronage of the chief Ex

ecutive of the State.

We declare ourselves in favor of the passage of the Texas Pacific Railroad bill, now pending before Congress, and recommend our members of Congress to advocate its passage at an early date.

We advocate the fostering of the public schools for the benefit of all the educatable children of the State, and that equal advantage be given to all children, colored as well as white.

We cordially approve of and indorse the platform of the national Democratic party, recently assembled in convention at St. Louis, and feel inspired with the hope of a better government in the future; but the great question of reform is brought before the people of the whole country by a great national party, and we pledge ourselves to use our utmost efforts to secure the success of those great exponents of national reform, Samuel J. Tilden and Thomas A. Hendricks.

On the fourth day the nominations were made, the State ticket being as follows: For Governor, Francis T. Nicholls, of Assumption; for Lieutenant-Governor, Louis A. Wiltz, of

Orleans; for Attorney-General, H. N. Ogden, of Orleans; for Secretary of State, William A. Strong, of Winn; for Auditor, Allen Jumel, of Iberville; for Superintendent of Public Education, Robert M. Lusher, of Orleans. The candidates for electors were: John McEnery and R. C. Wickliffe, at large, and Louis St. Martin, Felix P. Poché, Alcibiade De Blanc, W. A. Seay, R. G. Cobb, and K. A. Cross, from the districts.

considerable excitement, was generally free The political canvass, though attended with from disorder and exhibitions of violence. There had been some political trouble early in the year in the parishes of East Baton Rouge character, pertaining to alleged misconduct in and East Feliciana, but it-was of a purely local parish offices. In East Feliciana a mass-meeting was held in January, in which both white and colored citizens took part, and resolutions were adopted declaring that great good had been done in "ridding the parish of malicious, ignorant, and corrupt officers," and pledging support to all "fair-minded, competent officers in the maintenance of peace, law, and good order." The "malicious, ignorant, and corrupt officers" alluded to appear to have been driven out of the parish by organizations called

regulators." In East Baton Rouge, in March, the sheriff, the parish judge, and tax-collector, were called upon to resign, and a petition was addressed to Governor Kellogg asking him to accept their resignations. The proceedings were taken in a public meeting, in which colored citizens took part. Governor Kellogg wrote to the District Attorney, under date of March 28th, calling his attention to combinations of lawless persons to displace the civil authorities of the parish, and requesting him to institute proceedings against those concerned in the "recent unlawful disturbances in the city of Baton Rouge." The District Attorney replied that he knew of no combination of lawless persons; that the action of citizens had been taken in public meeting, and was characterized by calmness and deprecation of violence; and that the officials had been induced to resign peaceably and without the violation of any law.

Early in May two men were shot by a masked assassin at Coushatta, and on the 17th of June there was a riot at Port Hudson, in which shots were fired, but these occurrences appear to have had no political significance. There was a slight outbreak of race antagonism at Monroe, and through the surrounding country, about the last of August. There was a gathering of armed negroes and threats of burning the town, but finally the negroes were induced to disperse, and there was no serious disorder.

Generally throughout the political canvass the Conservatives pursued the policy of endeavoring to prevent any compromise of their claims through violence and disorder, and of securing the cooperation, so far as possible, of colored citizens. Negro voters were in many places

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