ranges from £14 138. per acre in Lancashire to 108. in Cardiganshire. The average value in Scotland is £1 per acre, and ranges from £9 48. in Edinburghshire to 28. in Shetland. The island of Barbadoes was disturbed by serious riots in April. Their origin was ascribed to the opposition of the colored population against the execution of a plan entertained by Governor John Pope Hennessey for the incorporation of Barbadoes in a confederation of the Windward Islands. The plan involved changes in the character and composition of the legislative body, which the insurgents regarded as infringements of their habitual rights, and was thought to be to the financial disadvantage of Barbadoes. The island was in a disturbed condition during the whole early part of the month. The Governor was denounced as a tyrant, and the insurgents were uttering threats and committing outrages, burning houses, goods, crops, and cattle-sheds, digging up the potatoes, and stealing all they could. The city of Bridgetown was threatened, and it was reported at one time that several families had fled for safety to the ships in the harbor. With the permission of the Governor, the citizens of this place organized companies of volunteers to assist in suppressing the insurrection. A conflict took place, in which the insurgents were utterly defeated, with the loss of a considerable number of their men disabled or taken prisoners. On the 28th of April Governor Hennessey telegraphed to Lord Carnarvon that the riots had ceased. The Government had been besought to take measures in reference to the insurrection, but, in view of its prompt suppression, judged that none were necessary. Shortly after the suppression of the insurrection a statement was sent to Lord Carnarvon, signed by the bishops and archdeacons of Barbadoes, thirty-four clergymen, and four Moravian missionaries, stating that the riots were not caused by any suffering among the people, but were largely promoted by a general impression among the negroes that the land and property of the planters would be divided among them, with the Governor's consent. The belief was very general that the property had been awarded to the negroes by the Queen, at the Governor's instance, and was wrongfully withheld from them.

Mr. Disraeli, on the 16th of August, was raised to the peerage, under the title of the Earl of Beaconsfield.

of the city of Westminster, with an address. A reception was given him by the civic authorities of the corporation of London at Guildhall, May 19th.

Sir Salar Jung, premier of the dominions of the Nizam, or representative of the former Mogul Emperors of India, visited England in June and July on a mission respecting the political relations of the Nizam's territory to the crown. He was regarded as perhaps the ablest, and cetainly the strongest, of the viziers of the native states of India, and had rendered service to the English during the mutiny, the value of which was freely and thankfully acknowledged. Through the conservative influence which he exerted over the Mohammedans of the Deccan, he had secured Hyderabad and the Madras Presidency to the British crown. His request, which implied substantially the restoration of the independence of the Nizam's dominions, could not be granted, for reasons of obvious political expediency. Nevertheless, he was cordially welcomed, and was given every possible courtesy and honor, and his visit proved to be of an agreeable character to himself and the people with whom he came in contact. He left a record of his own impressions in his reply to an address presented to him by the East India Association, in which he said, "I feel confident that the close intimacy and intercourse between the gentlemen of England and India cannot fail to be productive of lasting benefit to either country.'

GREECE,* a kingdom of Southeastern Europe. Reigning King, George I., King of the Hellenes, born December 24, 1845, second son of the reigning King of Denmark; elected King of the Hellenes by the National Assembly at Athens, March 18 (30), 1863; accepted the crown June 4, 1863; declared of age by a decree of the National Assembly, June 27, 1863; married October 27, 1867, to Olga, daughter of Grand-duke Constantine of Russia, born August 22, 1851. Issue of the union are three sons and two daughters: Constantinos, Duke of Sparta, born August 2, 1868; George, born June 25, 1869; Alexandra, born August 30, 1870; Nicholas, born February 9, 1872; Maria, born March 3, 1876.

The area of the kingdom amounts to 19,353 square miles; the population, according to the census of 1870, to 1,457,894 persons.

In the budget for 1876 the revenue was estimated as follows (1 drachma = 19.3 cents):

1. Direct taxes..

a. Land tax, tithe..

10,000,000 b. Duty on cattle and pastures.. 1,245,000 c. Duty on beehives..

d. Licenses...

e. Taxes on edifices.

2. Indirect taxes.

a. Customs

b. Stamp..

c. Miscellaneous.

Drachmas. 12,785,000

40.000

800,000

650,000

16,205,000

11.500.000

4,200,000

505,000

See ANNUAL CYCLOPÆDIA of 1874 for statistics on the population of large cities, on nationalities, on religious de

viz. that of the Greco-Turkish Railroad; that of naturalization, which had been pending for several years; that of the ratification of the Greco-Roumanian trade convention; and that of the adjustment of boundaries. In a short time the question as to the rights of native Greeks residing in Turkey was settled by the concession by the Turkish Government of its position. The Government adhered steadily to the policy which was outlined in the circular of the minister-president. Nevertheless, as the difficulties in the way of the settlement of the questions between Turkey and the great powers seemed to increase, it did not neglect to care for the provision of the country for defense in case of emergencies which should require the exhibition of force. The Cretan Assembly had refused to accept the reforms which had been imposed upon that province by Ali Pasha. The Porte having refused to grant the demands of the Cretans, advice was sought from the Greek Government. It counseled them to appeal to the great powers, and await the result. The recruiting-officers of the Servians were ordered to be arrested if they were found within the Greek territory. No relations or unions were acknowledged between Greece and Servia, and the hope which was

The Chambers were opened in extra session on the 2d of October, but without a speech from the throne, the King not having yet re turned from his visit abroad. It was significantly remarked that his presence was not needed, and on the contrary might have been made use of to the disadvantage of the country by the party of action, who would have made it an occasion for turbulent demon strations. The address of the minister-presi dent at the opening of the Chambers made no mention of the Turkish question. M. Zaimis, the ministerial candidate, was elected President of the Chamber of Deputies, by 75 against 54 votes. On the 1st of October a public meeting, attended by about 8,000 persons, was

held at Athens. It was addressed by Professors Pappunigopulon, Cocino, and Damala, who dwelt upon the intolerable position of the Greek provinces of Turkey, and expressed regret that the powers, in their proposals for the pacification of the East, had ignored the interests and just claims of these provinces, thus creating an inequality between them and the provinces inhabited by the Slavs. They maintained that the Greeks had been treated with neglect, as the reward for the services they had rendered at the wish of the powers to the cause of peace, and they urged the Greek nation to complete its preparations and hold itself in readiness for every eventuality. To a deputation visiting him from this meeting, Minister Kumunduros replied, on the 3d, that Greece would act very unwisely if it should now plunge itself into the inevitable dangers attending a participation in the Turkish controversy. When it came to a settlement, Europe would not ignore the rights of Greece. An armament would cost money, and whoever sought it must apply to the Chambers. On the 20th of October the ministerpresident laid before the Chambers the programme of the Government. Without believing that war would come immediately, he would have Greece ready for any event, so far as concerned necessary preparations. He had a bill to lay before the Chambers to perfect a military organization, so that Greece would soon be in a position to demand and defend the rights it claimed. The bill contemplated the imposition of an obligatory military service, and an increase of the regular forces. The military exercises which the youth in the schools had gone through during the year would facilitate this work. Besides, all men between twenty and thirty years of age should be drilled, and if necessary incorporated into the army. By such measures, the Government would soon have a considerable force on a war footing. In regard to internal policy, the minister advised the leaders of the different groups in the Assembly to select a ministry which knew the wants of the country, and go hand-in-hand with it. The bill introduced by Minister Kumunduros provided for a landforce of 200,000 men, of which 120,000 should consist of active troops, and 80,000 should be enrolled as reserves or Landwehr, and for the raising by loan of the sum of 10,000,000 drachmas, to be secured by an increase of taxes. The deputies, shortly afterward, 88 to 77, passed a vote of confidence in the Government, approving its precautionary policy. Nineteen deputies, however, did not vote.

On the 11th of November the Minister of Foreign Affairs, M. Contostavlos, made to the Chamber an address, in which, after expressing his agreement with the views previously expressed by M. Kumunduros, he made substantially the following declarations: We have followed a peaceful policy, and shall adhere to it, unless events compel us to another. In

VOL. XVI.-24 A

asmuch as there exists a probability that we may be embarrassed by the events of a war, we propose military preparations, not as significant of warlike designs, but as a measure of precaution. We expect that Europe, guided by a sense of justice and seeking a permanent peace, will undertake efficient and suitable steps in the East to secure the rights of the Christian people and preserve tranquillity, and will thereby facilitate our adherence to the policy which we have marked out and held to, but for the further observance of which we need a moral support. Indeed, I would be wanting in sincerity if I sought to conceal the fact that continued inactivity when the cerned would be scarcely conceivable, nay, would future of the Grecks subjects of the Porte is conbe impossible, for the kingdom of Greece. What binds the free Greeks and the others is not only community of race, language, thought, and national traditions; it is in a higher degree the consciousGreeks. For the freedom of the Greek kingdom ness of the obligation that free Greece owes to all was obtained only by the common struggles of all Greeks, and no power on earth could bind Greece to quiet and inactivity in the face of the perpetration of injustice against the subject Greeks.

The defensive bill passed its first reading in the Chamber of Deputies on November 23d. Subsequently the clause providing for an increase of one-half per cent. in the taxes on articles of consumption, for the purpose of securing the interest and payment of the loan of 10,000,000 drachmas contemplated in the bill, was lost on a second division-82 to 81. Upon this vote Kumunduros and his fellow-ministers resigned. The formation of a new cabinet was undertaken by Deligeorgis. Upon the appearance of the new ministry in the Chamber the deputies, by a vote of 88 to 59, made it understood that it was not acceptable to them. The King seemed to have no resource but to call Kumunduros again to the head of the ministry. Besides the office of minister-president, Kumunduros also took charge of the Department of Justice. Bubulis was appointed Minister of the Marine, and the other ministers of the old cabinet were retained in the posts they had previously held. A proposition made by the newly-organized ministry to refer the bill for defensive preparations to a special committee was adopted by the Chamber, 101 to 57-Zaimis, Trikupis, and Bulgaris, with their followers, voting for it, while only the party of Deligeorgis stood out against it. After that the Chamber approved of the obtaining of a loan of 10,000,000 drachmas for the reorganization of the army and for other especial military measures

Judicial processes were begun, February 7th, against M. Valassapulos, ex-Minister of Worship; M. Nikolapulos, ex-Minister of Justice; and the Archbishops of Cephalonia, Patras, and Messene, for simony. The case was one that attracted great popular interest. The court was held in the new court-room, in which the Chamber of Deputies had sat for three months, and which was capable of holding one thousand men. The President of the Court of Cassation, Balbis, presided over a court of twelve judges. The Chamber of Deputies was represented by five prosecutors chosen from the

body; thirty-five advocates were retained by the defense; one hundred and six witnesses had been summoned for the prosecution, and one hundred and seventeen witnesses for the defense. Special places were assigned for stenographers and journalists, as well as for the diplomatic body and the advocates, while the public occupied the galleries. The first five days were consumed in the hearing of the technical objections of the defense to the competency of the court to try the case. Among the objections to the jurisdiction of the court

was one set up by the inculpated bishops that they were amenable only to a spiritual court. On this it was ruled that the crime for which they were arraigned was a civil crime, of which the civil tribunals could take cognizance. Finally, all of the objections were overruled, and the court asserted its full jurisdiction over the whole body of the offense and over all the accused. The first witness called was Kastorches, Archbishop of Phthiatis, a man of more than ninety years of age. His evidence went to show that bribery with regard to the

fairs that they were, to use his own language, "quite intoxicated" on the subject.

Autonopulos, Abbot of Egina, testified that before the appointment of his friend Averkios to the see of Patras, Averkios being at the time a candidate for the see, he had gone to see him, and found him very gloomy. He inquired what was the matter, and Averkios confessed to him at length that he had been asked for money in order to get the nomination, and saw no hope of obtaining the see by any other means. The abbot refused to believe this; but finally arranged to go and see the minister, and find out for himself, taking with him the sum demanded. He went accordingly to Valassapulos, and spoke to him about the appointment of his friend. After some conversation, the minister made use of the words, "I must be satisfied." The abbot asked him whether he required money, and, being answered affirmatively, put down a sum and departed. Averkios was consequently nominated to the see of Patras. On the part of the accused, Valassapulos repelled every charge. The Archbishop of Patras, Averkios Lampiris, stated that, during his long residence in Athens, he had had friendly intercourse with the most

bishop should succeed to his appointment by any other means, and the minds of the clergy had become so familiar with this state of af