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the future might have in store, Germany might rest assured that the blood of her sons would be sacrificed or risked only for the protection of her own honor and interests. But the most important question for which the extraordinary session had been called were the three great judicial bills (the law on the constitution of the courts, the civil process, and the criminal process), to the consideration of which the Imperial Commission of Justice had devoted itself since February, with great diligence. Many differences of opinion which had shown themselves in the Federal Council had been settled by the commission, but the propositions of the commission still differed materially on many important points from the resolutions of the united governments. On this point the speech expressly said: "If the united governments hold to the conviction that a happy solution of the task imposed upon the present session by the consideration of the judicial laws is still possible, they do so in the firm belief that you, gentlemen, in considering these questions, will keep in view a safe and unrestricted execution of justice." The organization of the Reichstag occupied two days, because, instead of Prof. Hänel, a member of the "Party of Progress," Herr von Benda, a National Liberal, was elected second vice-president. After having rapidly disposed of the budget for the first quarter of 1877, the Reichstag instructed the Imperial Commission of Justice to consider and report on the differences still existing between it and the Federal

Council; and, in order to give the commission time for this work, the Reichstag took a recess of one week, from November 8th to November 15th. A number of these points were settled by compromises in the commission; but the most important points, as the position of the press (referring all press offenses before a jury, and the abolition of compulsory testimony of the persons employed in the office of a journal against the responsible editor), and the relation of the courts to the administration, were referred by the commission to the Reichstag. In the second reading of the bills, begun on November 15th and finished December 3d, the Reichstag in all cases decided, by large majorities, for the propositions of the commission, and against the objections of the Federal Council. After the second reading was finished Prince Bismarck declared that not less than nineteen points could not be accepted by the united governments, and that the whole work would be a failure if the Reichstag would not relent. To avert this, the leaders of the National Liberal party, Von Bennigsen, Miquel, and Lasker, declared themselves willing to enter upon some compromise, which offer was accepted by the chancellor. A compromise was finally agreed upon, satisfactory to both parties, the National Liberals sacrificing the clause with regard to the press, while the governments consented to relinquish the preponderating influence of the administration over the courts. This compromise was not only bitterly attacked by the Catholics and the Social

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history of our country can show. It will be the work of future sessions to effect legal unity in the whole domain of the civil law." The Emperor proceeded to thank the deputies in very cordial terms for their assiduous and successful labors, and expressed himself firmly confident that on the reassembling of the Reichstag it would be enabled to direct its exclusive attention to the peaceful task of developing the national judicial system." Adverting in conclusion to foreign affairs, the Emperor said: "The negotiations of the powers upon the Eastern question, as far as they have hitherto proceeded, justify the hope that my efforts and the mutually conciliatory and peaceful intentions of the powers immediately concerned will be successful in solving pending questions without prejudice to the good relations now existing between them. Germany will continue, by friendly and disinterested mediation, to lend her cooperation for the attainment of this end."

In the Eastern question the German Government occupied a quiet attitude. Besides the statements made in the different speeches from the throne, the Government in November made an important declaration on this subject. Herr von Bülow, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, replying to a question of Dr. Jörg, a member of the Reichstag, said that it was at the present moment impossible for the Government to give information upon pending

questions. He continued: "You know that the policy of the Emperor is a policy of peace, a policy which declines to interfere in foreign matters. Up to the present the development of affairs in Turkey has not touched us directly, nor will it easily affect us indirectly. In the presence of the armistice we can look forward to the future with tranquillity. The policy of Germany with all friendly powers is based upon amity, esteem, and confidence. This is manifest from all the negotiations which have been hitherto carried on, and the Government intends to maintain this position in the future also, if the nation and its representatives place full confidence in the Government. It is not the intention of the Government to withhold from the representative body of the people any necessary communications respecting the situation. The policy of Germany will ever be pacific. Germany will always remain a bulwark of peace, and this bulwark will be so firm that we will claim the confidence of the popular representatives, and, indeed, deserve it."

The foreign relations of the Government were also in other respects of a very peaceful and satisfactory nature. The difficulty with Spain with regard to the seizure of the German schooner Minna by the Governor of the Philippines in 1875 was settled by the release of the vessel in January. The difficulty with China with regard to the German bark Anna,

which had been plundered by Chinese pirates, and which at one time threatened to lead to serious complications, was also satisfactorily settled. (See CHINA.)

The prosecution of Count Harry von Arnim before the court at Potsdam came to an end on April 27th. He was found guilty of having abstracted official documents in his capacity as embassador, and was dismissed from the service, which sentence included the loss of his titles and of his pension.

The empire was visited during 1876 by several severe disasters. In the latter part of February great freshets inundated large parts of the country, especially in Saxony and Silesia. The Elbe burst the dikes near Magdeburg, Kalbe, and Wittenberg, and the greater portion of the district of Barby, fifteen miles from Magdeburg, was submerged. In the extreme east of Prussia, the banks of the Vistula were inundated for miles near Pless, causing a great number of families to become homeless. The Oder also overflowed her banks, producing considerable suffering. A number of railroad embankments were washed away, causing several accidents; the railroad from Posen to Thorn being threatened at one time with total destruction. The Empress went in person to the scenes of the disaster, to furnish aid. In consequence of the heavy rains, a landslip occurred at Caub, a small village on the Rhine in Northern Germany, on the evening of March 10th. Eight houses and twenty-six persons were buried, and, although detachments of pioneer regiments were immediately detailed to aid in the extrication of the buried people, only three were rescued alive. In December, the Nogat, a tributary of the Vistula, broke through the dam at Elbing, in the province of Prussia, flooding the country for miles around, and causing great loss of life and property.

In April Queen Victoria paid a visit to Germany, stopping at Coburg, where she was met by the Emperor William. The purpose of this visit was said to be the regulation of the succession to the throne of Saxe-Coburg, Prince Alfred being the prospective heir of the duke, who has no children. Nothing official, however, was stated about the results of this journey.

GLASSBRENNER, ADOLF, a German humorist, born March 27, 1810; died September 28, 1876. In his twenty-first year he became the founder and editor of Don Quixote, a humorous journal, which gained great popularity, but was suppressed by the Government after an existence of three years. He then devoted himself to the description of the humors of popular life, in a series of papers entitled "Berlin wie es ist und-trinkt," "Buntes Berlin," ," "Berliner Volksleben," "Leben und Trinken der feinen Welt," "Aus dem Leben der feinen Welt," etc. In these sketches he created a number of characters which became proverbial in Berlin, and are still living among the people, notably among them "Eckensteher Nante." In 1840 he married Mademoiselle

Adèle Perroni, a celebrated actress, and for her sake went to Neustrelitz. Having taken part in the revolutionary movements of 1848, he was banished and returned to Berlin. Besides the works already mentioned, he published "Die verkehrte Welt," "Komische 1001 Nacht," "Gedichte" (a complete edition of his shorter poems), and the juvenile books "Lachende Kinder," "Sprechende Thiere," and "Die Insel Marzipan."

GOLTHER, LUDWIG VON, a German statesman, born January 11, 1823; died September 17, 1876. Having studied in Tübingen, he entered the service in Würtemberg. He became Minister of Worship and Instruction in 1864, and President of the Privy Council in 1867. He contributed essentially to the promotion of public instruction in Würtemberg, organizing the "Volksschulen," the "Fortbildungsschulen," and a number of secondary schools. The relation of the Catholic Church to the state was regulated during his administration by the law of January 30, 1862. On this subject he published in 1874 a work entitled "Der Staat und die katholische Kirche im Königreiche Würtemberg," which gained considerable celebrity.

GOSZCZYNSKI, SEVERINUS, a Polish poet, born in 1806; died February 25, 1876. He studied at the University of Warsaw, where he early showed a considerable talent for poetry, taking Byron and Mickievitz for his models. In 1830 he took part in the revolution in Poland, writing many patriotic hymns. After the suppression of the movement he went to France and Switzerland. His first large poem, "Zamek Kaniowski" ("The Castle of Kaniow," 1828), was a poetic narration, having for its subject the terrible revolt in the Ukraine in 1768, and in which he described Cossack life with great truthfulness. In France and in Switzerland he published some excellent novels, among them "Oda," "Straszny strzelec," and "Krol zamczyska." In "Sobotka" he described the celebration of St. John's day in the Carpathian Mountains, and under the title of "Trzy struny" (1839, 3 vols.) published a number of revolutionary poems. His last large poem was "Poslanie do Polski" (" Epistle to the Poles," 1871).

GRANGER, General GORDON, died at Santa Fé, New Mexico, January 10th. He was born in New York in 1823. He graduated at West Point in 1845, and took part in the principal battles of the Mexican War, being brevetted lieutenant in 1847, and, soon after, captain. When the civil war broke out, he became Colonel of the Second Michigan Cavalry. He took part in the campaign in Missouri, and distinguished himself at the battle of Wilson's Creek, August 10, 1861. In 1862 he was made brigadier-general, and commanded a cavalry division in the operations under General Halleck, which led to the fall of Corinth in May. He became a major-general in September, 1862, and in the spring of 1863 he was in command of the Army of Kentucky. He distinguished

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himself in the battle of Chickamauga in Sep-
tember, 1863, and was soon after assigned to
the command of the Fourth Army Corps. He
took a prominent part in the operations around
Chattanooga and in the battle of Missionary
Ridge, November, 1863. He commanded a di-
vision at Fort Gaines, Ala., in August, 1864,
and was in command of the Thirteenth Army
Corps in the operations which resulted in the
fall of Mobile in the spring of 1865. He was
now made brevet-major-general in the U. S.
Army. Leaving the volunteer service, he be-
came Colonel of the Twenty-fifth and subse-
quently of the Fifteenth Infantry in the regu-
lar army.
He was on duty with the latter
regiment at the time of his death.

21 dukes, 19 marquesses, 129 earls, 32 viscounts, 24 bishops, and 262 barons. Of the total number, 16 were representative peers of Scotland, elected for the twenty-first Parliament, and 28 Irish representative peers, elected for life. The Speaker of the House of Lords was Lord Cairns, the Lord High-Chancellor, and the chairman of committees, Lord Redesdale. The members of the House of Commons are elected by the people. The number of electors on register in 1876 was 2,340,763 in England and Wales, 295,420 in Scotland, and 230,773 in Ireland. The following table gives the area and population of the British Empire, according to the latest official statements and estimates:

COUNTRIES.

Great Britain and Ireland..

Malta...

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, a kingdom of Western Europe. The Queen, Victoria, was born May 24, 1819. She is a daugh- Heligoland, Gibraltar, and ter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, the fourth son of George III.; succeeded her uncle, William IV., as Queen of Great Britain in 1837 married, in 1840, Prince Albert of Saxe-Co- Cape Colony... burg-Gotha.

;

EUROPE

British Kaffraria.
Basuto Land

Natal

St. Helena.
Ascension.
Mauritius

Tristan d'Acunha..

Dependencies of Mauritius.

New Amsterdam
St. Paul..

Children of the Queen.-1. Princess Victoria, born November 21, 1840; married to the Crown-Prince of Germany. 2. Prince Albert Edward, heir-apparent, born November 9, 1841; married in 1863 to Princess Alexandra, daughter of King Christian IX. of Denmark. Issue, two sons and three daughters; eldest son, Albert Victor, born January 8, 1864. 3. Princess Alice, born April 25, 1843; married in 1862 to Prince Ludwig of Hesse. 4. Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, born August 6, 1844; married in 1874 to the Grand-duchess Marie of Russia. He is heir-apparent to the Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. 5. Princess Helena, born May 25, 1846; married in 1866 to Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein - SonderburgAugustenburg. 6. Princess Louise, born March 18, 1848; married in 1871 to the Marquis of Lorne. 7. Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearne, born May 1, 1850. 8. Prince Leopold, born April 7, 1853. 9. Princess Be- Native states of India.. atrice, born April 14, 1857.

The cabinet was composed as follows in 1876: First Lord of the Treasury, Right Hon. Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield; Lord High-Chancellor, Right Hon. Lord Cairns; Lord President of the Council, Right Hon. Duke of Richmond and Gordon; Lord Privy Seal, the first Lord of the Treasury; Chancellor of the Exchequer, Right Hon. Sir S. H. Northcote, Bart., M. P. Secretaries of State: 1. Home Department, Right Hon. R. A. Cross; 2. Foreign Affairs, Earl of Derby; 3. Colonies, Earl of Carnarvon; 4. War, Right Hon. G. Hardy, M. P.; 5. Colonies, Marquis of Salisbury. First Lord of the Admiralty, Right Hon. George Ward Hunt, M. P. Postmaster-General, Right Hon. Lord John J. R. Manners, M. P.

Parliament is composed of two Houses, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The number of peers in 1876 was 494. Of these, 5 were peers of the blood royal, 2 archbishops,

Norfolk Island.

Auckland Islands.
Lord Howe's Islands

Feejee Islands..
Fanning Island..
Caroline Islands.

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West Griqua-Land.

16,632

25,477 (1873)

East Griqua-Land (inclusive
of Kaffraria*).

16,031

210,000 (1856)

18,750

807.241 (1874)

West African settlements..

17,115

633,317 (1871)

47

84

45

789

839,871 (1874)

850

18,891 (1871)

25.5

2.8

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rected returns for India were not at hand. Another point of difference is that the native states of India are not included, nor the native population in the transatlantic colonies, nor the different colonies added since 1873.

The following table gives the area and population of the United Kingdom according to the census of 1871, as well as the estimates of the Registrar-General (who does not include the islands in the British waters, nor the soldiers and sailors abroad), for 1874, 1875, and 1876. The islands not enumerated in the official work are the Laccadives and the Curia-Muria Islands in Asia; the Northern Territory, Auckland Islands, Lord Howe's Island, Fanning Island, and Caroline Island, in Australasia; and New Amsterdam and St. Paul in Africa:

Pop. in 1871. Pop. in 1874.

Acres.

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87,819,221 19,496,132

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20,819,903

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193,647

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77,828,903

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The number of emigrants from the United Kingdom during the years 1853-'75 was as follows:

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