Besides this, there is evidence of increasing zeal in the local authorities for the support of popular education. The State University, at Atlanta, and the North Georgia Agricultural College, at Dahlonega, are in a flourishing condition. There is an Academy for the Blind at Macon, which had 57 pupils during the year. The Lunatic Asylum, at Milledgeville, contained 605 patients at the close of the year, and the cost of maintenance for the year was $88,816.65. Appliances for furnishing the institution with pure water have been put in, at an expense of $20,000. A fire in the asylum, on the 15th of December, destroyed the workshops, and caused a loss of $9,000. Additional buildings, equal to the accommodation of 125 patients, are in contemplation. The number of convicts in the penitentiary at Milledgeville, at the close of the year, was 1,108, of whom 114 were white and 994 colored. The convicts were distributed among seven lessees, and were kept employed in mining and agriculture and on public works. Under the provisions of the act of February 25th, a contract has been entered into with three companies, designated as Penitentiary Companies No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3, to take effect on the expiration of existing leases. These contracts are for twenty years from April 1, 1879, and the three companies agree to take all the State convicts during that period, and pay to the State $500,000 in twenty annual installments of $25,000. Company No. 1 contracts to take 300 able-bodied convicts to be employed in the coal-mines of Dade County, and a permanent prison has been established there for their accommodation. Each of the other companies agrees to take one-half of the remaining convicts, and a prison for No. 2 has been established about five miles west of the city of Albany, and one for No. 3 near Skull Shoals in Greene County. Each company gives a bond, with sureties, for the control and safe-keeping of the convicts, and guarantees humane treat ment. The earnings of the Macon & Brunswick Railroad, which belongs to the State, were, for the year ending November 30th, $317,829.18, while the expenses were $307,054.78.⚫ There was also due, from connecting roads, $47,701.32. The State Board of Directors had advertised at the close of the year for sealed proposals for the purchase or lease of the road. The North & South Railroad was in the hands of a receiver, and operated on behalf of the State. The expenses exceeded the earnings by a few hundred dollars. The Memphis Branch Railroad was seized on behalf of the State in May, on account of its failure to pay interest on bonds indorsed by the State. It was placed in the hands of Robert T. Fouché, as agent of the State. The work of making a geological survey of the State is progressing favorably. It is reported as one of its results that foreign capital has been attracted to the State and employed to advantage in the abandoned mines of the "gold-region." Immense beds of marl and valuable deposits of fertilizers have been discovered. A geological map is in preparation, showing the various formations, and the distribution of minerals and soils. It is believed that the information furnished by the survey will have an important effect in attracting capital and settlers to the State. The regular annual session of the Legislature began on the 12th of January, and came to a close on the 24th of February. There was very little legislation of importance. The subject which occupied by far the largest share of attention was that of holding a convention to revise and amend the constitution of the State. Several bills were introduced and referred to a special committee, and an act was reported and discussed providing for an elec'tion in April, at which the people should vote at once on the question of having a convention, and for the delegates. By amendment, the time was postponed to 1877, and, finally. the measure was defeated altogether. During the debate on the question of having a convention, some remarks were made which called forth sharp criticisms in the North. In response to these, the following resolutions were adopted: United States Senate, and by a portion of the public press of the Northern States, that it is the design of the Legislature of Georgia to abrogate or abridge Whereas, It has been charged, on the floor of the the privileges or rights now enjoyed equally by all citizens of the State under the Constitution of the United States: therefore Be it resolved, as the sense of this General Assembly, That the equal political rights of all citizens of this State, regardless of previous condition, are permanently fixed and secured by the Constitution of the United States, which is recognized by this body as the supreme law of this land, and that no abridg ment or interference with these rights is proposed, or contemplated, or desired, in any action of the General Assembly, or by the people whom we represent; and that any and all legislation in contravention thereof, either by the Legislature or by a convention of the people, would be null and void. Resolved further, That the political relations of all classes in this State have been harmoniously adjusted upon the basis of the present provisions of the Constitution of the United States; that peace and good-feeling between the races prevail through out the State; and that it is neither the desire nor to the interest of the people of this State to reopen these questions which have been thus permanently settled beyond the power of agitation to disturb. The Supreme Court having decided that, under the homestead act of the State, the exemption from sale of $2,000 of realty, for the benefit of a family, could be waived by express agreement of the head of the family, a new act was passed providing for the recovery of property sold, which had been set apart under the homestead and exemption laws. This authorized courts of equity to confirm the sale on proof that the proceeds were invested anew for the benefit of the family, or in so far as they were so invested; but enacted That, in cases where any portion of the proceeds of property sold as aforesaid has neither been invested in other property, nor applied to the benefit of said family, the court shall ascertain the amount thereof and the interest of said family therein, and shall frame a decree to protect the rights and interests of said family in the property so sold, and, at the same time, to protect the rights and interests of the purchasers in the reversion of such property after the particular estate aforesaid shall have been determined, and shall require parties complainant to do complete equity in the premises before obtaining equity. Governor submitted a detailed statement on the 14th of February. The amount realized from the sale, under an agreement entered into by acting-Governor Conley, was $243,000, of which sum $50,400 was paid in cash, invested in seven per cent. bonds of the State, and turned over to the State University. The remainder was payable in eighteen months; and, under the resolution of 1872, authorizing the discount of the purchaser's notes at seven per cent., about one-half of the remaining scrip was surrendered, and $90,202.17 realized and paid into the Treasury. Under a resolution of 1873 this was kept as a separate fund, but not invested, and it still remains in the Treasin July, 1873, and $96,000 invested in eight ury. The last payment of $96,192 was made per cent. bonds of the State, and turned over to the trustees of the university. This The political canvass of the year opened early in the spring. The Democratic Executive Committee decided to have no State Convention for the appointment of delegates to the National Convention, but directed the calling of conventions in the congressional districts for this purpose. These were held on the 26th of April, and in each district two delegates to the nominating body at St. Louis were chosen, and four delegates at large were voted for. The State Committee consolidated the votes of the district conventions, and determined who had been chosen as delegates at large. method of proceeding gave rise to a good deal of dissatisfaction in the party, but there was a general acquiescence in the result. Governor Smith headed the delegation to St. Louis. The Republicans held a State Convention at Atlanta, occupying two days, the 4th and 5th of May. Of the twenty-two delegates chosen to the National Convention, thirteen were white and nine colored. A resolution was adopted expressing approval of the Administration of President Grant. A Democratic Convention for the nomination of candidates for State officers and for presidential electors was held at Atlanta on the 2d of August. Governor Smith and Judge Herschel V. Johnson had both de SECTION 7. Be it further enacted, That in cases where a portion or all of the purchase-money of property so sold has not been paid, the court may confirm the sale and order the reinvestment of the proceeds, or may cancel and set aside the sale, and compel the restoration of any part of the purchase-clined to have their names used as candidates money which may have been paid, and may grant relief to the parties according to the principles of equity. The investigation into the alleged indebtedness of the State to Henry Clews & Co., of New York, in the sum of $170,043.05, on account of services and transactions during the administration of Governor Bullock, led to a report, submitted to the Legislature, that a careful examination of the books and correspondence of Clews & Co. showed that, in point of fact, the firm owed the State $170,228.42, with interest from November 16, 1871. In response to a resolution of the House of Representatives, asking for information regarding the proceeds of the sale of lands donated by Congress for the establishment of a College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, the VOL. XVI.-22 A for Governor. Alfred H. Colquitt was nominated. The Republican Nominating Convention was held at Macon on the 16th of August, and Jonathan Norcross, of Atlanta, was made the candidate for Governor. Resolutions were adopted approving of the national ticket and platform of the party, favoring free, non-sectarian schools, expressing abhorrence for lawlessness and disorder, and opposing a convention for the revision of the constitution of the State. The State election occurred on the 4th of October, and resulted in the choice of Colquitt for Governor. The total vote was 144,839, of which the Democratic candidate received 111,297, and the Republican 33,444, making the majority of the former 77,853. At the presidential election, November 7th, there were 180,534 votes cast, of which the Tilden and Hen dricks electors received 130,088, and the Hayes and Wheeler electors 50,446; majority for the former, 79,642. All the nine members of Congress chosen on the same day were Democrats. The Legislature of 1877 consists of 43 Democrats and 1 Republican in the Senate, and 168 Democrats and 7 Republicans in the Ilouse; Democratic majority, 42 in the Senate, 161 in the House, and 203 on joint ballot. In his message to the Legislature in January, 1877, Governor Smith used the following language regarding the political affairs of the country: Before closing this, my last annual communication to the General Assembly, I cannot forbear a brief reference to the grave circumstances which now surround us, and seem to threaten the existence of the liberties of the people. On a given day, over eight millions of freemen, representing nearly forty-five millions of people, came forth from their abiding-places and quietly proceeded to the ballot-box for the purpose of choosing their rulers for the next four years. This grave proceeding was characterized by the utmost good order, notwithstanding the presence, in many places, of the military forces of the Government, sent thither to overawe the weak and ignorant, and to seeure the election of particular candidates. The law pointed out the mode of selecting the President and VicePresident of the United States. The question as to who should fill these high offices had been referred to the ballot-box. The true result of that reference no candid man can doubt The election was held in pursuance of the laws of the United States and of the several States. It was peaceable and orderly, and free from intimidation and violence. And yet immediately after the election we find a few adventurers, actin under the direction of ambitious leaders at the Federal capital, and backed by the military forces of the Government, attempting, by fraud and chicane, to set aside the eminent statesman chosen by the people, and to force into places persons whom the people, after a fair trial, had refused to elect. blow. The question arises here: Shall the candidates fairly and legally elected by the people be placed in office, or shall persons rejected at the ballot-box be elevated to power? Shall law and order prevail, or shall fraud and violence have the mastery? Shall the people of the United States choose their own rulers, or shall political cheats and swindlers be permitted to perform that vital office for them? We have appealed to the ballot-box: shall the result of this appeal stand, or shall it be set aside by force and fraud? If the latter, then our free institutions are already at an end, and constitutional liberty on the American continent has received its final The right of the people to choose their own rulers is the corner-stone of a free, democratic republic; and when they voluntarily abdicate this invaluable privilege, or allow it to be wrenched from them, they have already obtained their own consent to become slaves. No more sacred cause can engage the patriotic efforts of a nation than the firm maintenance of the fundamental right in all free governments to say who shall rule over it. This right the people of Georgia, and, I trust, of every other State in our Federal Union, will never willingly abandon. No division of the dirty spoils of office, no promise of personal advancement, no engagement to withhold the iron hand of power, can ever compensate the people for the surrender of a right at once so dear to themselves, and so vital to the very existence of constitutional liberty. The people of the United States are thus brought face to face with a most momentous responsibility. What shall be done? What shall we do? The motto of our noble State furnishes the safe guide for our own action in this solemn emergency: "Wisdom, justice, moderation." It is not for us to lead, or even to suggest, but to follow. It is the plain duty of Congress, by adhering to law and established precedent, to give effect to the clearly and legally expressed will of the people. But if Congress should unhappily fail to do this, then it is believed that the confronting us can, in the last resort, be safely left proper determination of the grave questions now to the sober judgment of the right-minded people in the Northern States. If it cannot, then we are powerless, and they as well as ourselves will have lost the inestimable right of freemen-the right of selfgovernment. When they shall have decided what is proper to be done for the preservation of this right, it is assuming but little to say that the people of Georgia will be found ready to cooperate with them, and to do their whole duty under any and all circumstances. GERLACH, FRANZ, a German scholar, born July 18, 1793; died in November, 1876. He studied theology and philology in Göttingen, received a position in the gymnasium in that town upon graduating, became professor in the cantonal school in Aarau in 1817 and in the University of Basel in 1820, was appointed member of the Educational Council in 1835, and was pensioned in 1875. Among his philological works are the editions of Sallust with a commentary (1823-31, 3 vols.; 1852, 2 vols. ; 1870, 1 vol.), of the "Germania" of Tacitus (1835), which was followed by a translation with a commentary (1837), and the critical edition of Nonius Marcellus (1842), which he published together with Roth. He also published the "Schweizerische Museum für historische Wissenschaften" (3 vols., 1837-'39), with Hottinger and Wackernagel; "Historische Studien" (vol. i., 1841; vols. ii. and iii., 1847'63), and "Die Geschichte der Römer" (vol. i., 1851), with Bachofen. lished January 18, 1871. The Emperor, WilGERMANY, an empire in Europe, reestabliam I., was born March 22, 1797, and was married June 11, 1829, to Augusta, daughter of the Grand-duke Charles Frederick of SaxeWeimar. The heir apparent, Frederick William, born October 18, 1831, has the official title of Crown-prince of the German Empire, and Crown-prince of Prussia. He was married January 25, 1858, to Victoria, Princess Royal of Great Britain and Ireland, born November 21, 1840. Offspring of the union arethree sons: Frederick William, born 1859; Henry, born 1862; Waldemar, born 1868; and four daughters: Charlotte, born 1860; Victoria, born 1866; Sophia, born 1870; Margaretta, born 1872. Imperial Chancellor (Reichskanzler), Otto, Prince von Bismarck-Schönhausen. President of the Imperial Chancery (Reichskanzler-Amt), Hofmann, Minister of State, appointed in 1876. The following table exhibits all the states of the German Empire, the area, the population, the number of representatives of every German state in the Federal Council, and the number of deputies who represent each state in the Reichstag: It will be seen from the above table that the ducal line of Brunswick is likely to become extinct by the death of the reigning duke. The succession is disputed by the ex-King of Hanover and the Emperor of Germany. It is also interesting to notice that in only twelve of the twenty-two sovereign houses which belong to the German Empire the heir-apparent is the son of the reigning sovereign. The legislative functions of the empire are vested in the Bundestag, or Federal Council, and the Reichstag, or Diet of the Empire. The *The figures marked * give the definite, the others only the preliminary, statement. 1860.. George, son. 1859.. Günther, second-cousin. 1835.. Charles, son. 1852.. Frederick, son. From 1873 to 1877. From 1875 to 1879. For 1876. For 1876. Bundesrath represents the individual states of Germany, and the Emperor must have its consent to declare war not merely defensive. The members of the Bundestag are appointed by the governments of the individual states for each session. On January 1, 1876, the German Bundesrath was composed of the following members: Prussia.-Prince Bismarck, President and Imperial Chancellor; Hofmann, President of the Imperial Chancery; the ministers Camphausen, Count Eulenburg, Leonhardt, Kameke, Secretary of State in the Ministry of Foreign and Achenbach; Bülow, State Minister and ulation of the largest cities, according to the census of 1875: CITIES. Population In 1875. Breslau.. Affairs; Stosch, Chief of the Admiralty; Von Bavaria.-The ministers Adolf von Pfretzschner, Dr. von Fäustle, and Georg Berr; Freiherr Gergler von Perglas, embassador in Berlin; Ministerial Councilor von Riedel; and Colonel Fries. Sarony. The ministers Richard von Friesen and Chr. W. L. Abeken; Oswald von NostizWallwitz, embassador in Berlin; and Major Planitz. Würtemberg.-Minister von Mittnacht; Hugo von Spitzenberg, embassador in Berlin; Colonel von Faber du Faur; and Councilor Hess. Baden.-Dr. Julius Jolly, President of the Ministry; Rudolf von Freydorf, State Minister; and Moritz Elstätter, President of the Ministry of Finance. Hesse.-Councilor Dr. Neidhardt, and Councilor Göring. Mecklenburg-Schwerin.-Von Prollius, chargé d'affaires in Berlin, and Director Oldenburg. Munich.. Leipsic... Stuttgart... Bremen Nuremberg Barmen CITIES. Population in 1875, 969,634 Frankfort on the Main 103,315 Aix-la-Chapelle.. Brunswick. Mühlhausen. Mayence. Augsburg. Essen..... Saxe-Meiningen.· - Minister Albrecht Otto lius. Oldenburg.-Councilor Mutzenbecher. Giseke. Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.-Minister Freiherr von Seebach. Anhalt.-Minister Freiherr von Krosigk. Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt.-Dr. Hermann von Bertrab, State Minister. Schwarzburg-Sondershausen.-Councilor Ru dolf von Wolffersdorf. Waldeck.-Director von Sommerfeld. Reuss, younger line.-Dr. Adolf von Harbou, State Minister. Schaumburg-Lippe.-Councilor Höcker. Lippe Detmold.-Councilor Liebe. Lübeck.-Dr. Krüger, minister resident. Bremen.-Otto Gildermeister, burgomaster. Hamburg. Dr. Kirchenpauer, burgomaster. A comparison of the population of the large German cities in 1875 with their population in 1871 (see ANNUAL CYCLOPÆDIA for 1872, p. 350) shows almost throughout considerable gains. The following table contains the pop |