permitted to touch and take in or land merchandise or passengers. The chief interest attaches to the port of Ichang, placed high up on the great river of China 1,000 miles from the sea. It is practically the highest point to which steamers can hope to ascend the Yangtse-kiang, for, although there is an immense volume of water in the river for many hundreds of miles above Ichang, the river flows through a series of formidable rapids, which will probably do more than even the exclusive policy of the Chinese Government to keep foreign steam enterprise out of the promising region of Szechuen. The prospects of trade at Ichang were fully reported on by a commission from the Chamber of Commerce at Shanghai, which visited that and other places in 1869. From that report it appeared that Ichang is likely to form the entrepot and the connecting link between two rich areas the valley of the Yang-tse-kiang, with its laborious millions, on the one side, and on the other the province of Szechuen, which all travelers unite in extolling as the land of plenty. The principal entrepot at present is not Ichang, but a place about sixty miles lower down the

It was then determined to go on, at all risks, with the railroad. The governor of the district was prevailed upon to give his authorization for the making of a "suitable road," which he did the more willingly inasmuch as large numbers of work-people had constantly to make the journey from Woosung to Shanghai. Then the land had to be bought; also the right of building bridges over the creeks. The Chinese proprietors were afraid to sell without first obtaining the sanction of the authorities; but as some sort of road was wanted by every one, no objection was made to the proposed purchase. Having acquired the own

river, named Shasi, where the Shanghai delegates estimated the "shipping in port" at 40,000 tons; but Shasi lies low, and is devoid of all interest save a purely commercial one, while Ichang is described as charmingly situated and possessing sanitary advantages which are not to be overlooked in selecting a residence in the interior of a continent.

The first line of railroad in China was formally opened on June 30th. It extends from Shanghai to Woosung, a distance of eleven miles. The line runs along the borders of the river Van Poo, of which the navigation between Shanghai and Woosung is impeded by a sand-bank. It was proposed some time ago by the foreign merchants at Shanghai to build a railroad from that place to Woosung; but the Chinese authorities refused to grant the necessary permission. After having exhausted every possible means to obtain the required permission, it was determined, without consulting the Chinese, to form a company for exploring the forbidden route. The requisite capital was subscribed without delay; and, on the survey being made, it appeared that, with the exception of three little creeks which it would be necessary to bridge over, and a few hollows which would have to be filled up, the line presented no engineering difficulties of any kind.

ership of the land on which it was intended to construct the railway, the Shanghai merchants sent to England for rails, which in due time arrived. Meanwhile the wood-work had been completed, and in the middle of January last the engineers began to lay the rails down. Still the officials looked calmly on; until, on the 16th of March, it was found possible to make a trial-trip along the line of railway three miles in length. The English directors and shareholders traveled in the carriages, and the luggage-vans were filled with Chinese, who seemed to make the journey with great satisfaction to themselves. When the governor of the district was informed that the railway was partly completed, and that engines were running over a portion of the line, he at first treated the report with contempt. But it was confirmed again and again by eye-witnesses; and ultimately he went out to see for himself, and, in presence of an excited crowd, ordered the rails to be taken up. The chairman of the company, however, begged him, before requiring the execution of such an extreme measure, to consider the matter in private; and the two went together to the government-house, where the governor's own permission to construct a "suitable road" was shown to him. The discussion was thus narrowed to the question

whether the road of iron between Woosung and Shanghai was really a "suitable one; and the governor at last consented to submit this point to the superior officials at Peking. Before an answer could be received, trains were running all the way from Shanghai to Woosung. An authorization arrived from Peking to tolerate what the foreigners had already completed, which gave them the right of keeping open the entire line. In December the railroad was mobbed by the natives, and was forced to stop running for a time.

Li-Hung-Chang, the Viceroy of Chihli, and First Secretary of State, who was selected to conduct the negotiations with Minister Wade, is regarded as the implacable enemy of foreigners and the leading opponent of progress. He was the second of five brothers, sons of a poor literary man. During the Taiping rebellion he offered his services to the Government, and, besides rising rapidly in military rank, he gained much imperial favor. Although accused of the foulest treachery in beheading the rebel kings, whose lives he had guaranteed, after the fall of Soochow, he was created a noble, and invested with the yellow jacket, the highest honor in China for military

achievements. In 1864 he founded the Imperial Arsenal at Nanking, and supplied it both with skilled workmen and all the apparatus necessary for making guns, torpedoes, rockets, shells, and other war implements. In 1865, after the fall of Nanking, he was made governor-general; in 1866 he went north, and put an end to the Nieufli insurrection; in 1870 was ordered to fight the Mohammedan rebels in Shansi and Kiangsi, but, while en route, he was recalled and made Governor-General of Chihli, and in 1872 was raised to the rank of a secondclass noble. He is about fifty-five years of age.

The following table of the distribution of missionaries of different Protestant societies in China, in 1874, has been compiled on the basis of a like table furnished in 1875 to European readers by the China Inland Missionary Society. Besides the missionaries included in the table, the Southern Presbyterians had one missionary at Ningpo in the Chilkiang Province, the Irish Presbyterians two, and the Scottish United Presbyterians one, in Mantchooria, not in China proper. The number of stations occupied was thirty-one in the whole empire. The population of the provinces is given in round numbers:

29. Unconnected with any mission....

Total number of missionaries in provinces.....

Resolved, 1. That sectarianism is to separate into sections, or separate parts, what belongs together. 2. That all Christians in every place do belong together, and to separate them for any cause, or by

any means, is sectarianism.

3. That the genius and spirit of the gospel, as well as the letter of the Bible and the history of the primitive Church, proclaim the great but simple truth that the Christians of the place are rightfully, and, in fact, by divine ordination, the real visible church of the place.

4. That all the Christians, whether in or out of sects, are required by the life Christ has planted in them, and by the prayer of Jesus, and the teachings of the New Testament, and their love to Christ, and their love to each other, and their love for the salvation of men, to meet together, not to make a church, but to obey God, and do the duties of a church as taught in the gospel.

5. That all religious associations built upon a narrower basis than that which teaches and treats all the Christians of the place as equal brethren of the one church of the place, which present creeds, tests, and usages which exclude a part of the Christians of a place, are not built after the New Testament model, and have no claims to be regarded as churches of Christ, simply because they have Christians among them.

6. That the Church is a divine institution, is Godmade, is spiritual; not mechanical, not human, not man-made; and God alone can place members in his Church; and as every one who truly loveth is born

of God--and, therefore, a member of his Churchtherefore it does not depend on our doctrinal views, baptism, votes, or enrollment, but on a loving and

obedient heart.

7. That the evils of sectarianism admonish us of the great importance of scattering light before the whole world on this subject, calling all Christians to repent of this sin, and put it away, and return to the primitive spirit and practice of the church gathering, as taught in the gospel.

The leading principles of the Christian Union (South) are set forth in the following extracts from the Declaration of Principles:

We may well afford to dispense with all those doctrines and tenets which set the brethren at variance, and to take the following primary constitution as the groundwork of our organization, viz.:

1. The Lord Jesus Christ is the only head of the Church. The Pope of Rome, or any other pretending to be the head thereof, should be regarded as that man of sin and son of perdition who exalteth himself above all that is called God.

2. The name Christian is the only appellation needed or received by the Church. All party or sectarian names are excluded as being unnecessary, if not hurtful.

3. The Holy Bible, or the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments, is a sufficient rule of faith and practice.

4. Christian character, or vital piety, is a just, and should be the only, test of fellowship, or of churchmembership.

5. The right of private judgment and the liberty of conscience is a right and a privilege that should be accorded to, and exercised by, all.

CLIFFORD, JOHN H., was born in Providence, R. I., January 16, 1809; died at New Bedford, Mass., January 2, 1876. He graduated at Brown University in 1827, and began the practice of law in New Bedford, where he afterward resided. He soon entered upon an extensive practice, and attained the foremost position at the bar. He represented New Bedford in the Legislature in 1835, and was

subsequently President of the Senate. In 1849 he was appointed by Governor Briggs Attorney-General of the State, and in the course of his official duties conducted the prosecution of

Prof. Webster for the murder of Dr. Parkman. He continued to act as Attorney-General till 1853, when he was elected Governor. He was again Attorney-General from 1854 till 1858. In 1867 he retired from the legal profession, and became President of the Boston & Providence Railroad Company. In 1859 the degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by Brown University. For several years ex-Governor Clifford was President of the Board of Overseers of Harvard University.

COLERIDGE, Sir JOHN TAYLOR, a British lawyer and writer, born in 1790; died February 11, 1876. He was a nephew of Samuel Taylor Coleridge. At Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he received his education, he was a fellow-student of Dr. Arnold. He was elected a Fellow of Exeter College in 1810, was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1819, going to the Western Circuit; became a sergeant-at-law in 1832, was appointed one of the judges of the King's Bench, and upon retiring from the judicial bench in 1858 was created a Privy Councilor. He showed considerable literary acquirements at an early age, and having edited the Quarterly Review for some time,

he continued to contribute numerous articles to it until his death. He published an edition of Blackstone's "Commentaries with notes (1825), and a "Memoir of the Rev. John Keble, M. A." (1869, third edition, 1870).

COLET, LOUISE RÉVOIL, a French authoress, born September 15, 1810; died March 10, 1876. In 1835 she went to Paris, where she married Hippolyte Colet, a musical writer and composer. After his death in 1851 she turned her attention still more diligently to literature. She received the prize for poetry of the Institute four times for the following poems: "Le Musée de Versailles" (1839), "Le Monument de Molière" (1843), "La Colonie de Mettray" (1852), and “L'Acropole d'Athènes” (1855). Besides these four she also published the following poetical works: "Fleur du Midi (1836), "A ma Mère" (1839), "Penserosa (1839), "Les Funérailles de Napoléon" (1840), "Le Marabout de Sidi-Brahim" (1845), "Réveil de la Bologne " (1846), “Les Chants des Vaincus" (1846), and "Le Poëme Femme (in three parts, 1853-56). Among her prose works, which comprise novels, traveling adventures, and personal reminiscences, are the following: "La Jeunesse de Mirabeau ” (1841), "Les Coeurs brisés" (1843), "Deux Mois d'Emotion" (1843), "Folles et Saintes " (1844), "Deux Femmes célèbres" (1846), "Madame Hoffmann-Tauska" (1854), "Promenade en Hollande" (1859), “Deux Mois dans les Pyrénées" (1859), and "Naples sous Garibaldi" (1861).

COLLINS, MORTIMER, an English poet and novelist, born in 1825; died July 25, 1876. He