the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more states; between a State and citizens of another State; between citizens of different states; between citizens of the same states claiming lands under grants of different states; and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects." SECTION 2. JURISDICTION OF UNITED STATES COURTS AS FIXED BY STATUTE. The power herein granted is the maximum which may be exercised by the United States; it is not necessary that the United States assume this jurisdiction in full. By the Revised Statutes of the United States it is provided that the jurisdiction vested in the courts of the United States, in the following cases and proceedings, shall be exclusive of the courts of the several states: First. Of all crimes and offenses cognizable under the authority of the United States. Second. Of all suits for penalties and forfeitures incurred under the laws of the United States. Third. Of all civil cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; saving to suitors, in all cases, the right of a common law remedy, where the common law is competent to give it. Fourth. Of all seizures under the laws of the United States, on land or on waters not within admiralty and maritime jurisdiction. Fifth. Of all cases arising under the patent right or copyright laws of the United States. Sixth. Of all matters and proceedings in bankruptcy. Seventh. Of all controversies of a civil nature, where a State is a party, except between a State and its citizens, or between a State and citizens of other states, or aliens. SECTION 3. UNITED STATES COURTS. At the present time there are three different grades of regular inferior United States Courts, viz.: District Courts, Circuit Courts, and Circuit Courts of Appeal. The two former were first established by the judiciary act of 1789 and the third by the act of 1891. There are seventy-seven judicial districts in the United States, each with a District Court and a district judge. These seventy-seven districts are grouped into nine circuits, in each of which there is a Circuit Court and a Circuit Court of Appeals. Each judge of the Supreme Court is assigned to one of these circuits, and is required to attend a term of the Circuit Court in each district The states of Alabama, Illinois, New York, Tennessee and Texas each contain three districts; those of Arkansas, California, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Virginia, and Wisconsin, two each; while the remaining twenty-five states each constitute a single district. The different states and territories are assigned to the different circuits as follows: FirstRhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Maine; Second-Vermont, Connecticut and New York; Third-Penn 5 sylvania, New Jersey and Delaware; Fourth-Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina; Fifth-Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas; Sixth-Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky and Tennessee; Seventh-Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin; Eighth-Colorado, Nebraska, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming, New Mexico and Oklahoma; Ninth-California, Oregon, Nevada, Idaho, Washington, Montana, Alaska and Arizona. Rev. Stats., 604. Rev. Stats., 606. of the circuit at least once every two years. There are at least two circuit judges in each circuit.' By various special acts the number of judges in the first, third, fifth, sixth and ninth circuits have been increased to three, and in the second, seventh and eighth circuits to four. Circuit Courts can be held by the circuit justice, or by the circuit judge of the circuit, or by the district judge of the district sitting alone, or by any two of the said judges sitting together. The Chief Justice and the associate justices of the Supreme Court assigned to each circuit, and the circuit judges within each circuit, and the several district judges within each circuit, shall be competent to sit as judges of the Circuit Court of Appeals in their respective circuits. The full court consists of three of the above named judges, the district judges sitting in case of absence of judges of higher rank. In case a judge of the Supreme Court is in attendance such judge acts as presiding judge, otherwise this position is filled by the Circuit Court judges in order of the seniority of their respective commissions.10 CHAPTER II. THE DISTRICT COURTS. SECTION 4. STATUTORY PROVISIONS. The United States statutes give the district courts of the United States jurisdiction: First. Of all crimes and offenses cognizable under the authority of the United States, committed within their respective districts, or upon the high seas, the punishment of which is not capital, except in the cases mentioned in section fifty-four hundred and twelve (Revised Statutes), title "Crimes."" Second. Of all cases arising under the act for the punishment of piracy, when no Circuit Court is held in the district of such court.2 Third. Of all suits for penalties and forfeitures incurred under any law of the United States.3 Fourth. Of all suits at common law brought by the United States, or by any officer thereof, authorized by law to sue.* Fifth. Of all suits in equity to enforce the lien 1 United States vs. Randolph, Fed. United States vs. Palmer, 3 'The Cassius, 2 Dallas, 365; Slo- of the United States upon any real estate, for any internal revenue tax, or to subject to the payment of any such tax any real estate owned by the delinquent, or in which he has any right, title or interest. Sixth. Of all suits for the recovery of any forfeiture or damages under section thirty-four hundred and ninety (Revised Statutes), title "Debts due by or to the United States;" and such suits may be tried and determined by any district court within whose jurisdictional limits the defendant may be found. Seventh. Of all causes or actions arising under the postal laws of the United States." Eighth. Of all civil causes of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; saving to suitors in all cases the right of a common law remedy, where the common law is competent to give it; and of all seizures on land and on waters not within admiralty and maritime jurisdiction. And such jurisdiction shall be exclusive, except in the particular cases where jurisdiction of such causes and seizures is given to the Circuit Courts. And shall have original and exclusive cognizance of all prizes brought into the United States, except as provided in paragraph six of section six hundred and twenty-nine." Ninth. Of all proceedings for the condemnation of property taken as prize, in pursuance of section fifty-three hundred and eight (Revised Statutes), title, "Insurrection." Tenth. Of all suits by the assignee of any debenture for drawback of duties issued under any law for the collection of duties against the person for whom debenture was originally granted, or against any |