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The only protection the state has had heretofore has been the corrections and charities, who have had neither the power nor the properly deal with this class. The legislature of 1897 appropriatel of $3,000 per annum, which was placed under control of that board. purpose of locating and removing all such persons from our publi tions, and to return them to their homes or places of legal settlement states or countries, thus saving us from the burden and expense of nent care of such unfortunates, and placing it so far as possible up to whom it properly belongs, whether it be parents or communities.

The duty of the state to protect itself from the imposition of outside munities, by preventing these classes from securing permanent lodg any of our charitable institutions, is as great as it is to provide for unfortunate people, who are by reason of their habitation residents state. To neglect this is to invite outsiders to come to us and foreverburden upon our own people by increasing the expense of our chara institutions overcrowding our poorhouses and adding to the labors d relief committees.

The board of corrections and charities, having no officer of its OWL cept its secretary and assistants, secured the service of an agent for purpose mentioned, and a summary of his work is herein given. Com ing Aug. 1, 1897, ending Aug. 1, 1898, the entire number of insane cases ported was sixty-three. Of these there were deported by the state a thirty-six; deported by interested parties, two; dismissed as not insane, committed to the state hospitals, twenty-three. Total, sixty-three.

Of those committed to the hospitals there were but five whose reside were clearly shown to be in the state. Several of those in doubt will deported. So that out of the sixty-three cases we shall deport at least for or very nearly sixty-six per cent.

The state appropriation of $3,000 is inadequate for this work. We already expended the amount allowed, and we have on hand some c which have not been deported for want of funds. We have endeavored deport the current cases as they arose, and in so far as possible save th counties the expense of taking the patient to a state hospital. This expe is frequently more than it costs us to deport the patient. There will alwa be patients about whom no information can be obtained, and others have no legal settlement at all, and still others where the place of legal se tlement is in doubt or might be a subject for dispute. All such cases m inevitably be committed. Some of these will eventually be located and se to their homes; others we will have to care for until their recovery or death of the new insane cases arising during the year, only nine were temporari committed to the state hospital before being deported. They were committe for the reason that their residence could not then be ascertained, or becaus their condition was such that they could not then be deported.

There are some patients who were in the hospitals when this law W enacted who should be removed but have not been for want of funds.

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Five paupers have been deported during the year, all at the expense the counties upon whom they were a charge. The statute contemplates that this expense should be paid out of our appropriation, but that is impossible so long as the appropriation is insufficient.

The number of paupers sent out this year will form no basis for an est mate of the number that might be, or ought to be deported. Cases are con

ly arising where the town or county authorities do not feel able to he expenses of deportation, and yet it would be economy to do it. No : has been made to find non-resident pauper cases on account of our inty to pay expenses of deportation. We have only handled those cases we have been asked to deport.

t is impossible to estimate accurately the amount saved to the state. In port made to the board last September, some calculations were made ed upon reports of the superintendents of the state hospitals, showing the average cost to the state of every person committed to a state hos1 would exceed $1,000. New York and Massachusetts place this at $1,500, at the first figure, the amount saved would be $44,000. In addition to that, counties, in twenty-seven cases, are saved the cost of conveying the ient to a state hospital. The cost of this work to the state has been only $3,000 appropriated, and some of that has been spent in other work. While the cost of deporting these people will average about fifty dollars r capita, the cost of keeping them in our public institutions, according to e best information obtainable, is not less than $210 per capita per annum. find it impossible to give with any degree of accuracy the cost of a life tient, as it is difficult to tell what the average expectancy in such a patient ay be; but it can, I think, be safely put at not less than five years, which akes each one cost us $1,050, while in all probability it will double that nount.

It is therefore of great importance to the state to carefully guard against his class; to discourage as much as possible the continual removing of aupers and petty criminals from place to place by societies and municipaliies in their mistaken zeal; "of sending them out of the country for the country's good." It is a bad practice, and should be discontinued, as it is' nuch better for each community to care for their own unfortunates where they can provide them with such employment as they are capable of performing; where their antecedents are known, and where some one is nearly always found who has a personal interest in them. This applies to wandering paupers as well as the insane mentioned in the tables herein given, as the cost of keeping them in our county poorhouses is even greater than that of the large institutions mentioned and the need of deportations as great. I find from the annual report of the state board of charities of New York for the year 1897, the following statement, which I believe to be of such interest as to make it valuable as a part of this paper, showing, as it does, the enormous value of such deportation where carried on systematically for a number of years.

"The number of disabled and dependent alien poor removed from the almshouses, hospitals, asylums and other charitable institutions of this state and sent to their homes in different countries in Europe during the fiscal year ending Sept. 30, 1897, was 275, as follows: To England, 57; to Ireland, 17; to Scotland, 4; to Germany, 73; to Austro-Hungary, 41; to Italy, 58; to Russia, 18; to Sweden, 2, and to Norway, France, Belgium, Holland and Switzerland, each 1. Total, 275.

"According to the statements of these persons, 233 of them were landed at the port of New York, 31 at various other United States ports, and 11 at Canadian ports. Their passage to this country was found to have been paid, as follows: By cities, towns and other municipalities, 31; by benevolent associations and emigration agencies, 78; by relatives, guardians and friends, 134; by contractors, corporations and individuals under agreement to labor, 32. Their condition at the time of landing in this country, as shown by the

examinations and inquiries, was as follows: Crippled, 19; epileptic, paralytic, 7; aged and infirm, 28; feeble-minded, 62; vagrant and diseased. otherwise disabled, 95.

"The total expenditure for the removal of these 275 permanently disal and dependent alien poor to their various European homes, from which t had been shipped in their enfeebled, helpless condition to this country, thrown upon the public of this state for care and support, was $6,506.21; average per capita expenditure, $23.66. The whole number of removals such alien poor since the law went into effect in 1880, to Sept. 30, 1897, been 3,136; the entire expenditure per person, $22.32.

DISCUSSION.

MR. GATES: Mr. Fresident: I cannot say what I wanted to in five mi utes, but I will say what I can. The legislation which we have on this sub ject seems to be ample with one exception: that we need more money. Dur ing the last year and a half that I have been at work I have been unable t deport at the expense of the state a single pauper, and from the statistic given from the port of New York you see how necessary it is to have money to send back the pauper class. We are getting the same grist they get it New York, though not quite so much of it. Paupers are being sent over here. and we have to take care of them, perhaps the rest of their lives, or return them to their homes. I say we have not money to send back these paupers or to send back all of those who are in our insane hospitals. There are to day in the insane hospitals of this state men and women who belong t Sweden, to Norway, to Russia, to Germany, to Austria, and to Italy, but calnot be sent back because there are no funds to do it with. What is neces sary in order to protect this state is to have an appropriation sufficiently large to deport every foreign pauper. I have been almost niggardly in using the small appropriation that has been placed in my hands.

There is another part of this subject I wish to touch upon as briefly as I am able in the short time that is allowed me. During the last year we have had cases of this kind: At Kasota a man was stealing a ride upon a freight train. He fell off through accident and lost one leg by being run over. That man was a charge upon the town of Kasota for almost three months, and cost the town nearly two hundred dollars. I investigated the case, and found that he belonged to another state, or at least he once had legal settlement there and had not gained any other since he left it, about seven years ago. The man was utterly worthless, and the town was put to that expense. Up at Brainerd to-day in the city hospital lies a man who is nothing more than a tramp going through the country. He was stealing a ride upon a train, fell off and both legs were taken off by the train. His last legal settlement was outside of the State of Minnesota.

We are constantly having cases of that kind. Some of them it is impos sible to tell where they belong. You will notice there were some twenty of the insane cases reported during the last year that cannot be located. They are most of them tramps, nothing more or less. We are getting them in our insane asylums, in our poorhouses and in our prisons. It is to reach this class that I feel some legislation is necessary. We have these facts to meet. Trampism is growing. The number of tramps in this state is constantly increasing and they are becoming more lawless. During the past year, in one particular instance, these tramps captured a train on the Northern Pacific road, and run it to suit themselves. Their rumber was so great that the trainmen were powerless. In another place they took possession of the town, and a riot ensued. But these are only instances of lawlessness that is being committed all arcund, and it seems to me we need some more effective law that will reach this class of what I might call non-resident paupers.

Now it seems to me there are remedies for this evil. There are several states in the Union that have passed tramp laws. Those laws are very good. I have sent letters into some of those states asking what the result of those tramp laws have been. I find that wherever they are enforced they are effectual. Mr. Heg of Wisconsin says that wherever they have the district

DISCUSSION.

workhouse or any other workhouse to send the tramps to it is effectual. That is where the district workhouse would come in to good advantage.

What the tramp above all dislikes is work, and work properly adminis tered is the cure of the tramp nuisance. There is an element in the community that believes that there are some tramps that are such from necessity. To satisfy this element some voluntary work should probably be provided. In connection with the good roads movement it could be provided that tramps who would work voluntarily be employed. They should, when so employed, be properly housed and fed and paid a moderate rate of wages. The wages should be large enough not to affect the wages of labor in other callings, and not so large as to draw men already employed from other occupations.

After such voluntary work has been provided the man who continued to tramp and beg should be treated as a criminal. I would then arrest every tramp and compel him to serve a sentence at hard labor. It must be at hard labor or there would be no punishment. The idleness of the county jail will not do. It should also be for a longer time than the winter season, six months at least.

The doing of certain things should be an aggravation of the offense; such as setting fires, breaking into buildings, sleeping in buildings without permission of owner, threatening persons or property, stealing rides on trains, etc. This aggravated offense should be punished for a period longer than six months, and, in absence of a good workhouse system, in the state prison. However, a six months' sentence of this class to state prison would be very effectual.

If such a law was enacted and then enforced and our mistaken philanthropists would stop encouraging the evil by supplying them food for nothing, in a short time the tramp in this state would be earning his bread by the sweat of his brow instead of begging it from door to door.

JUDGE MOTT: Mr. President: Five minutes is too short a time in which to say what I want to say about this law, and so I will only touch two or three points.

The law provides that no children shall be admitted to the state educational institutions until they have resided in the state one year. Is this right? If a family comes into this city and makes here a bona fide home, the doors of the public schools are immediately open to the children of that home; but if one of them happens to be deaf or blind or feeble-minded, needing especial care and training, he must wait a year before he can be admitted to the only schools provided for such cases; and in case the child and his parents are indigent and require public aid, none of the time during which they shall receive such aid shall count in their favor.

I believe this is an outrage, and I am sure you must agree with me. I appeal to this association to act (if it sees fit) to put these defective children on the same ground as our other children, and secure them the same privileges.

But, it is said, "The statute provides that the State Board of Charities and Correction may, in the exercise of its discretion, admit such cases to the several schools." The world never before witnessed such legislation as that. Here is a merely advisory board, or commission, and, although consisting of some of the best and noblest men of the state, without executive or judicial powers, appointed to examine, report and advise in relation to our punitive, correctional and charitable work, suddenly clothed with power to suspend a statute, to hang it up between the heaven and the earth, while, without a hearing or examination, they decide this deaf boy may go, this blind girl shall stay, and that insane woman must go to Mexico. Wouldn't it be more appropriate to leave this discretion to the superintendents and managers of the several institutions, if anywhere?

Now, look at this act as it relates to the commitment of the insane. Courts corresponding to our probate courts all over our land are given exclusive jurisdiction over insane cases; and in them is reposed unlimited discretion, which no one can question, not even the governor or superior courts, except on citation or appeal for the abuse of such discretion. But this act provides, in case the patient is a non-resident, or his residence is unknown, he shall not be committed to the state hospital, but shall be held indefinitely unless this board of charities orders otherwise, i. e., suspends the law. Now,

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I appeal to any lawyer on this floor to contradict my assertion that such a provision cannot be sustained in our courts. I ask that our probate courts may retain their jurisdiction and discretion unimpaired.

It is claimed that this innovation is an economical measure. I think it a very expensive experiment. In our county of Rice we have had 178 examinations for insanity within the last ten years. Of that number, only three were non-resident or unknown resident subjects. One died three days after commitment; another remained less than one year; the third is still in custody. The total expense to the state of these three cases, I think, has not exceeded $300. The population of our county is about one-sixteenth of the population of the state. At that rate the cost of caring for the non-resident insane of the state would be $18,000 for ten years, and $1,800 per annum. Does that sum meet the expenditure of carrying out the provisions of that law?

But I contend that the care of non-resident insane under our former methods did not, and will not, cost us a cent. When we raise the bars against As many of our insane drift into Wis our sister states, they will bar us out. consin, Iowa, Missouri and the Dakotas, as of theirs who come here, and so the cost is balanced. We may presume that, at leastPresident: The time is up.

THE CRIMINAL OUT OF PRISON.

BY F. A. WHITTIER, STATE AGENT.

From what you may see and hear here this afternoon it may be inferred that the work of reclaiming the criminal begins with his entrance and ends with his dismissal from prison. This is nearer the truth than it should be, and a few thoughts as to his treatment out of prison may not be out of place at this time.

The criminal is a product of civilization, and is not created, but made by the peculiar and complex circumstances of society. The higher the state of civilization of a country, the higher will be the percentage of crime. Muchdespised Spain can boast of a far less percentage of criminal population than we can show in the United States. It is not intended to discuss, to any extent, the many and complex causes of crime from a psychological standpoint, but these broad statements are made to fix upon society itself the burden of the criminal class.

With all our churches, schools and colleges, with all our well managed state institutions, and with our numerous private charitable organizations, we are still producing criminals in alarming numbers. It may be broadly stated that most of us have something of a criminal tendency. It is the tend ency of children to see how far they can go in prohibited directions before they will suffer from such acts. The farther they are allowed to go, the more fixed becomes this inclination. It is not the severity of the penalty that follows these offenses, but rather the absolute certainty that the penalty will follow, that teaches the child not to do these forbidden acts. He early in life learns that fire, although attractive, must not be trifled with, because the burn and suffering is absolutely sure to follow. There is a peculiar relationship existing between idleness, extreme poverty and crime. Extreme poverty, however, can often be traced to chronic idleness; so that, in many cases, this may be said to be a primary cause of crime.

The saloon and its influences have produced less crime than has been credited to them, because of the fact that, in many cases, the criminal in

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