A REPORT PREPARED IN ANSWER TO SENATE RESOLUTION

OF FEBRUARY 23, 1885

BY

ALICE C. FLETCHER

UNDER DIRECTION OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER I.-THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY.

Origin of the American Indians, 13 — Why they had never become civilized, 13

Early Spauish explorers, 14 - Cabeza de Vaca, 14 -- Coronado, 13 — De Soto, 15 -

Expedition of Cartier, 17 – Indian tribal organization, 17 — Position of women,

17 – Conduct of war, 18– Former Indian population exaggerated, 19 - Missionary

effort in the sixteenth century, 19 – Results of contact with the white race, 22.

CHAPTER II.-TIE SEVENTEENTII CENTURY.

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VIRGINIA: Early treaties, 24 - Jassacre of 1622, 23— Legal measures, 26 --- Treaty

of peace, 27 — Growing strength of the colonists, 29 -- Bacon's rebellion, 30 — In-

diau slavery, 31 — Failure of early educational projects, 31 - The Boyle fund, 34 -

Indian school of William and Mary College, 34 — Disliculty of obtaining pupils,
3.). MARYLAND: First settlement, 36 — Laws regarding the Indians, 37 -- Lack
of erlucation, 38. MASSACHUSETTS: Distrust of the natives, 33- Etlucational

provisions, 39 — Laws regulating intercourse, 40 — Slavery, 42— Religious instruc-

tion, 43 — Indian civilization checked by King Philip's War, 44 — Treatment of the

"praying Indians,” 46 — John Eliot, 47 – Society for the propagation of the Gospel,

50 – Indian school at Natick, 52 - Vices of the natives, 53 – Indian college at

Cambridge, 51 – Indian books, 54 — Expenditures for Indian civilization, 57

Mashpee Indians, 59 — Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket Indians, 61. NEW YORK:

Dealings of the Dutch with the natives, 62 — Liquor traffic, 63 — The Fivo Nazions,

61 — Slavery, 61. ROMAN CATHOLIC Missions: In Florida, 64 - In New Mexico,

64 - in California, 63 - In ne, 65 — In Michigan and along the Lakes, 63 – In

New York, 67.

CHAPTER III.--THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.

VIRGINIA : Enactments against Indians by the Assembly, 70 - Favors extended to

tributary tribes, 71 — Exploration of the Neuso River by De Graffenried and Law-

son, September, 1711, 71—Indian depredations, 74 — Indian education, 75. PENN-

SYLVANIA : Moravian missions, 78— Moravian missions in Ohio, 82. NEW YORK:

Missions among the Iroquois, 85 — Moravian missions, 87. NEW ENGLAND: Indian

education, 90 — Revolutionary leaders and the Indian question, 103 — Enactments

of the Continental Congress, 104.

CHAPTER IV.-ADMINISTRATION OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

Historical outline of alministration, 104 — The Indian Department, 108 – Transferred

to Department of the Interior by act of March 3, 1819, 108 – Offico organization,

109 - List of Commissioners of Indian Affairs since 1832, 109 — Finance division;

land and law division, 110 – Field organization, 112-Duties of agents, 112 — Sala-

ries of agents, 115 — Indian police and court of Indian offenses, 117 — Indian inspect-

ors, 117 — Special agents, 118 — The Board of Indian Commissioners, 118— Present

members of the Board with their post-office addresses, 121.

CHAPTER V.-GENERAL REVIEW OF INDIAN RESERVATIONS.

Established by treaty and by order of President, 123 - Reservations established by

treaty or act of Congress, 124 - Reservations established by Executive order, 126-

Rules pertaining to Indian reservations, 127 - Indian land tenure, 129 - Treaty of

Guadaloupe Hidalgo, 134 — Laws permitting Indians to take up public lands, 136 –

Leasing of Indian lands, 138— Land in severalty, 138— Legal status of Indians,

141— Trading regulation, 146 — Are the Indians dying out ? 152.

CHAPTER VI.-INDIAN EDUCATION.

Regulations for Indian education made by the Continental Congress, 161 — Early rega-

lations for Indian education by the United States, 162 — Reports of schools, 164 –

Statistics of Indian education, 173.

CHAPTER VII.-INDIAN RESERVATIONS OF ARIZONA TERRITORY.

The Gadsden purchase, 198 — COLORADO RIVER AGENCY: Colorado River Reserva-

tion, 198; Hualpai Reservation, 200; Suppai Reservation, 201 - Pima AGENCY:

Gila River Reservation, 202; Gila Bend Reservation, 205; Papago Reservation,

205; Salt River Reservation, 206 — SAN CARLOS AGENCY: White Mountain Reser-

vation, 208; Tulerosa Valley Reserve, 208; Camp Grant Reservation, 209; Camp

Verde Reservation, 210; Moqui Reservation, 215.

CHAPTER VIII.- INDIAN RESERVATIONS OF CALIFORNIA.

Acts of Congress for sustaining military reservations in California, 216 — Hoopa VAL-

LEY AGENCY: Hoopa Valley Reservation, 219; Klamath River Reservation, 221

Mission AGENCY: Mission Reservations, 225; Executive orders relating to same,

227 - ROUND VALLEY AGENCY: Round Valley Reservation, 230— TULE RIVER

AGENCY: Tule River Reservation, 237; Yuma Reservation, 238.

CHAPTER IX.-INDIAN RESERVATIONS OF COLORADO.

First emigrants sustained by purchases of wheat, corn, etc., from the Indians, 240 —

Indian farms in 1856, 241 – SOUTHERN UTE AGENCY: Ute Reservation, 242 - Syn-

opsis of treaties made with Utah Indians, 243; Treaty with the Tabegauche, Muache,

Capote, Weeminuche, Yampa, Grand River, and Uintah bands of Ute Indians, made

at Washington, March 2, 1868, 245; Treaty between United States and the above at

San Pinos Agency, September 13, 1873, 246.

CHAPTER X.-INDIAN RESERVATIONS OF DAKOTA TERRITORY.

Agencies, 251 – Fort BERTHOLD AGENCY: Fort Berthold Reservation, 251 — Synopsis

of treaties, 252; Sioux Reservation, 252 — CHEYENNE RIVER AGENCY, 257 — CROW

CREEK AND LOWER BRULÉ AGENCY: Crow Creek Reservation, 258; Old Winne-

bago Reservation, 260 — PINE RIDGE AGENCY, 262 — ROSEBUD AGENCY, 263 —

STANDING ROCK AGENCY, 264 — Synopsis of Sioux treaties, 265 — SISSETON AGENCY:

Lake Traverse Reservation, 281 - DEVIL'S LAKE AGENCY: Devil's Lake Reserva-

tion, 284; Turtle Mountain Reservation, 285; Ponca Reservation, 286 -- YANKTON

AGENCY: Yankton Reservation, 287.

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CHAPTER XI.-INDIAN RESERVATIONS OF IDAHO TERRITORY.

Fort HALL AGENCY: Fort Hall Reservation, 291 ; Synopsis of treaties, 292; Unrati-

fied agreement of 1880, 294 — LEMAI AGENCY: Lemhi Reservation, 294 - Nez

PERCÉ AGENCY: Lapwai Reservation, 296 – COLVILLE AGENCY: Ceur d'Alêne

Reservation, 300.

CHAPTER XII.-INDIAN RESERVATIONS OF INDIAN TERRITORY.

Agencies, 304 – CHEYENNE AND ARAPAHO AGENCY: Cheyenne and Arapaho Reser-

vation, 305; Synopsis of treaties made with Apache Indians, etc., 306; with Chey-
enne Indians, 303; with Cheyenne and Arapahoes, 308; Unratified agreement made

October 19, 1872, with Arapahoes, Wichitas, Caddos, and others, 311 — Kiowa, Co-

MANCHE, AND WICHITA AGENCY: Kiowa and Comanche Reservation, 314; Treaties

with the Kiowas, Wichitas, Katakas, Tawakaros, and others, 315; Wichita Reser-

vation, 318; Treaties with Delaware Indians, etc., 318; Unratified agreement of

October 19, 1872, 323 – OSAGE AGENCY: Osage Reservation, 323; Treaty with Osage

Indians, 324; Kansas Reservation, 327 ; Treaties with Kansas Indians, 328 — Ponca,

PAWNEE, AND OTOE AGENCY: Ponca Reservation, 330; Treaties with the Ponca

Indians, 330; Otoo Reservation, 333; Treaties with Otoe Indians, 333; Pawnee

Reservation, 336; Treaties with Pawnee Indians, 336; Oakland Reservation, 339–

QUAPAW AGENCY: Quapaw Reservation, 340; Treaties with Quapaw Indians, 341;

Modoc Reservation, 342; Ottawa Reservation, 343; Treaties with Ottawa Indians,

344; Peoria Reservation, 345; Kaskaskia treaties, 346; Treaties with Miami Indians,

etc., 349.

CHAPTER XIII.-INDIAN RESERVATIONS OF INDIAN TERRITORY-CONTINUED.

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QUAPAW AGENCY, continued : Seneca Reservation, 359 ; Shawnee Reservation, 359;

Treaties with Shawnee Indians, 360; Wyandotto Reservation, 3633 ; Treaties with

the Wyandotte Indians, 363 - SAC 'AND Fox AGENCY: Sac and Fox Reservation,

367; Treaties with Sac and Fox Indians, 368 ; Iowa Reservation, 372; Kickapoo

Reservation, 373; Pottawatomie Reservation, 374; Treaties with Pottawatomies,

375 — UNION AGENCY: Cherokee Reservation, 381; Government of the Five Nations,

381; Cherokee treaties, 362; • !hickasaw Reservation, 390; Treaties with Chicka-

saws, 391; Choctaw Reservation, 396; Treaties with Choctaws, 397 ; Creek Reser-

vation, 400; Treaties with Creeks and Seminoles, 401 ; Seminole Reservation, 407;

Treaties with Seminoles, 408.

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CHAPTER XIV.-INDIAN RESERVATIONS OF Iowa, KANSAS, AND MICHIGAN.

Iowa : SAC AND Fox AGENCY: Sac and Fox Reservation, 411 – Kansas : POTTAWATO-

MIE AND GREAT NEMAHA AGENCY: Chippewa and Munsee Reservation, 412; Trea-

ties with Munsee Indians, 413; Kickapoo Reservation, 413; Kickapoo treaties, 414;

Pottawatomie Reservation, 416 — Michigan : MACKINAC AGENCY: Isabella Reserva-

tion, 417; L'Anse Reservation, 419; Ontonagon Reservation, 420; Treaties with

Chippewa and other Indians, 420.

CHAPTER XV.-INDIAN RESERVATIONS OF MINNESOTA AND MONTANA.

Minnesota : WHITE EARTH AGENCY: White Earth Reservation, 443; Leech Lako

Reservation, 445; Mille Lac Reservation, 446; Red Lake Reservation, 446; Winne-
bagoshish Reservation, 447; Boisé Fort Reservation, 448; Deer Creek Reservation,
448; Fond du Lac Reservation, 449; Grand Portage Reservation, 450; Vermillion
Lake Reservation, 451 — Montana Territory: BLACKFEET AGENCY, 452 — Fort BEL-
KNAP AGENCY, 453 – Fort PECK AGENCY, 453 — Blackfeet treaties, 454 — CROW

AGENCY: Crow Reservation, 459; Synopsis of Crow Treaties, 459 – FLATHEAD

AGENCY: Jocko Reservation, 463; Synopsis of treaties with confederated bands of

Flathead, Kootenai, and Upper Pend d'Oreille Indians, 464 — TONGUE RIVER

AGENCY: Northern Cheyenne Reservation, 467 ; Arapaho treaties, 468.

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