of the innumerable disciples of Jenner, was so esteemed by the great benefactor, and won the title of "JENNER OF AMERICA," not by the favor of a clique or of some partial editor or club of mutual admiration, but by the concurrent voice of the medical profession of Great Britain as expressed by the unanimous enthusiastic verdict of the London Medical Society. Letters of Jenner, still extant, afford ample evidence of the perfect confidence he reposed in the man he selected to promulgate his doctrines in America, and even those who have looked but superficially into the matter well know how ardently, enthusiastically, untiringly, bravely and wisely that selection and confidence were justified and rewarded. Those only who have looked more deeply into the history of Waterhouse's long s'ewardship of the trust so fully reposed in him by Jenner, can even distantly appreciate the difficulties of his position in those days. of most slow, difficult and precarious communication with Europe, when America was practically ten times, yes ten times that, further from England than now. Those rare students alone can know the rare sagacity with which Waterhouse perceived truth and detected error, when, so far removed from the aid and counsel of his master, error and falsehood and calumny surrounded him on all sides and truth was well nigh inaccessible. They alone can appreciate the real peril in which the malignant perversity of enemies and its results placed him more than once, the treacherous duplicity and meanness with which his professional "brethren" of the "Massachusetts Medical Society" deserted him on one flimsy and transparent excuse or another, and left him to meet that fearful peril alone. They alone can know how readily, when the erroneous notions and practice of Woodville bore their inevitable disastrous fruits not only in England but this country the man whose name Boston medical after dinner orators even now mention as the promulgator of vaccination in America BEFORE or even to the exclusion of that of Waterhouse rushed rapidly into print to recant his full faith in Jenner and vaccination. Such students, in the total absence of any easily accessible memoir of Waterhouse, can alone. know and estimate the courage with which, ALONE, abandoned by the President and Vice-President of the Mas achusetts Medical Society who had promised to accompany him he calmly faced the enraged population of Marblehead among whom a variolous epidemic raged, the result of the labors of a gentleman who hid

actively inoculated a large percentage of its population with virus obtained from one of those famous Vaccinifers of Woodville whose vaccina* was complicated with "burdens" of from 50 to 5000 pustules on all parts of the body. They alone know how bravely he met that mob of afflicted and enraged men, afflicted because those near and dear to them were in the grasp of the destroyer, enraged because the professional brethren of Waterhouse had informed them that their affliction was but a legitimate result of the new fangled inoculation which Waterhouse had so ardently taught. They knew, too, that that mob being neither one of medical or theological bigots did not hang Waterhouse or tar and feather him at least, which it must be feared would have been an exquisite gratifications to the two brethren who should have been with him but were not, but listened to his calm, clear, honest, and under all the cir cumstances, marvellously sagacious and accurate explanation of the disaster and accompanied him homeward with thanks and honor and cordial invitations to visit their town again. It is a pity that our profession should possess no memorial of a man in every way so worthy as Benjamin Waterhouse. It is a shame that the odium medicorum which surely comes next, (the only question can be whether before or after) to that odium theologicum we have all heard about, should have succeeded in obliterating and obscuring the record of so much, and such rare sagacity and courage as his whole long life and his apostleship of vaccination displayed. Who knows or cares that this great and good, and learned man labored, wrote, contended and impoverished himself in the long-continued and successful effort to make known the true doctrines of Jenner and vaccination in America, and that when, in 1810, he petitioned the Legislature of Massachusetts to, in some slight degree, reimburse him for what he had lost and suffered, he received from that august body ("Lobby'd" by the dignitaries of the Massachusetts Medical Society) gracious permission to withdraw his petition"? Who knows or cares to know that the Medical Society of Massachusetts, which had opposed Waterhouse and vaccination, as taught by Jenner, for ten long years, and won for Massachusetts, the dubious

*The term vaccina is the only one used by Jenner, Waterhouse and all the earlier writers on vaccination. It is correct, and, as there is no other reason for the termination in ia except a silly eupheuism. I have, in this paper, as in previous ones, chosen to resume the old, original and entirely correct word.-H. A. M.

distinction of being the very last civilized State whose profession, by its acknowledged executive, recognized vaccination? It was not until June, 1808, that the Massachusetts Medical Society accepted the report of a committee on vaccination, and thus tardily and ungraciously yielded its countenance to the beneficent doctrines which had been welcomed with enthusiasm, while its author had been loaded with every honor which gratitude could inspire, by every civilized country. Will it be believed that this committee of three did not include, although he was one of the oldest members of the Society, the man whom Jenner had selected as his champion, and who, single handed, had fought the fight, and long before, won the victory for vaccination in America? In that committee's longwinded and utterly trashy report, made up entirely of long excerpts from English books and journals, Waterhouse's name does not once appear. Who knows now of all this old persecution, unfairness and unworthiness? Who could even guess the truth when glib annual orators claim, as one of the chiefest labors and services of what they call the time-honored glorious old conservative Massachusetts Medical Society," the exclusive agency of first introducing vaccination in Massachusetts and this wide union of States, the truth that that Society, through its executive, did all it could to oppose vaccination, to hinder, villify, and persecute the noble man, who, in the face of obstacles innumerable, struggled for the truth and won-won! What? Poverty, persecution, bitter and mendacious, and a fame so great and lasting, that only here and there an eccentric student knows more than his name. It is a great lesson for those who think too much of the fleeting honors and renowns of our profession.*

*I have, in a previous note, sufficiently, although by no means exhaustively, explained the reasons for the animosity of what is called "the Massachusetts Medical Society towards Waterhouse." A word or two, however, is necessary in explanation of what I mean by the Massachusetts Medical Society. That Society is intended to include all, and does include nearly all the members of the regular medical profession in Massachusetts. It is by no means towards the entire body of the regular profession of that State or any other that I would express anything but entire and deep respect. What I always mean by the Massachusetts Medical Society is the narrow clique of Boston physicians which, owing to a most absurd and faulty organization, based on the worst possible model, that of the London College of Physicians, has. from its very earliest beginnings in 1783, complelely controlled the exccutive of that Society and misrepresented the medical profession of Massachusetts; no more in the days of Waterhouse than now, no more now than fifty years hence if

Few in America to-day know much of Benjamin Waterhouse, though it is but some 35 years since he "passed to the majority." How many in the South, loyal as she is to her great men and memories, know that one of of her greatest men, at the very time when he was at his greatest, President of the United States, when to be President was the sure seal of merit and patriotism, THOMAS JEFFERSON, was not only a patron and student of vaccination, but an active practical disciple of Jenner and the direct introducer of vaccination into Virginia, Pennsylvania and the whole South?

I do not know, perhaps, the South is more grateful to her medical benefactors than the North has been, and that Jefferson's beneficent agency in this matter is familiar to every Southern man, or at any rate, to every Southern physician.

The writer of this paper has given some money and much research and labor to the accumulation of a large collection of so much of the more ancient literature and history of vaccination as has escaped the paper mill and the trunk maker. In this pursuit he has become possessed of the already very rare works of Waterhouse, and enjoys the fortunate privilege of the temporary custody of the sadly imperfect, but precious relic of what must have been the enormous correspondence of the Jenner of America with the leading minds of Europe and America.* This mass of manuscript contains letters

the same miserable organization continues, an organization by which every meeting of the counsellors [a boay which has gradually, as is the invariable and inevitable tendency of such bodies, aggrandized the entire control and even law-making power of the Society at large, the only right of which is to register and approve votes, with the proposal or passage of which it has had nothing whatever to do] is constantly and entirely controlled by a large majority of Boston men and their suburban confederates, distant rural districts being necessarily most inadequately represented at the meetings, all of which are held in Boston and in the evening; to attend which, members of the council residing at a distance must make great and practically impossible sacrifices of time, money, and convenience.-H. A. M.

*Owing to the eccentricity of a relative of Waterhouse, his correspondence during a very long and active life, which was known to be enormous in extent, most carefully annotated and preserved, as well as a very elaborate diary from which a few excerpts survive, begun at a very early period and continued for the greater part of a very long life have been lost; sold as waste paper, destroyed as worthless. All that is known to remain are a very few of Jenner's letters and the correspondence of Jefferson, Madison and Adams. We can scarcely estimate how great has been our loss in the annihilation of such a vast mass of correspondence for so long a period, of most of the leading minds of the English profession, as well as that of America, with so very worthy a correspondent as the many letters still extant in MS., as well as printed, (in Haygarth's book, Lettsom's life and letters, &c.,) clearly prove Waterhouse to have been. The relative and heir alluded to, had, doubtless, the greatest reverence for the memory of Waterhouse but an unfortunate insensibility to the value of old letters. Nearly all such were destroyed, while the large mass of the Doctor's College lectures on Theory and Practice and Natural History were and are carefully preserved; a pious duty to his memory, of dubious service to the present generation.

from Jenner, Presidents Madison, John Quincy Adams, and, most complete of all, and certainly as interesting and valuable as any, a series of fifteen letters from Jefferson, dated from 1801 to 1822. While arranging material with a view to attempting a biography of Waterhouse and a history of the first introduction of vaccination in America, a work far more complicated and difficult than was at first hoped, it occurred to the writer that an easier task might be a short narrative of Jefferson's connection with vaccination, consisting of that great man's own letters, with Waterhouse's own commeats upon them and little else, nothing whatever unless an occasional word of note or explanation should seem necessary to a clear or clearer understanding.

I have given you the entire raison d'étre of this communication. Perhaps you may think it worth publication. If so, and its publication should really be of service in rescuing from oblivion a most interesting episode in the career of one of America's greatest patriots and statesmen, and one of the many noble citizens of Virginia and the South, exciting a little long dormant or quite deficient gratitude to the memory of Waterhouse, or, possibly, for even so far will sanguine enthusiasm sometimes carry one-reviving, here and there, a spark of interest in the much neglected study of vaccination and of its almost forgotten history and literature, a faint appreciation of the vast debt we all owe to Jenner and we of America to him who was esteemed by all worthy contemporaries, one of his worthiest if not the most worthy of his disciples, and a twinge or two of not entirely pleasant consciousness of the way these admirable men were treated during life and have been forgotten since, the writer will be much more than rewarded for the modicum of trouble the work has given him.

That the story of the introduction of vaccination in Virginia, Philadelphia and the Southern States can be essentially told in the ipssissima verba of Waterhouse and Jefferson is an advantage which, it is not doubted, will be appreciated by the reader.

INTRODUCTION OF VACCINATION IN AMERICA BY WATERHOUSE.

In the beginning of the year 1799, Waterhouse received from his old friend, the great Quaker physician and philanthropist, Dr. Lettsom, of London, a copy of Jenner's now famous "Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variola Vaccine or Cow-Pox." Read