United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

(Clause 2.) Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age, in such State.

(Clause 3.) No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress

may, by a vote of two thirds of each house, remove such disability.

(Clause 4.) The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave, but all such debts, obligations, and claims, shall be held illegal and void.

(Clause 5.) The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. (1868.)

ARTICLE XV.

(Clause 1.) The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

(Clause 2.) The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

(1870.)

QUESTIONS ON THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

1. To whom is the power given in the preamble?

2. For what purposes was the Constitution ordained and established?

3. What is Congress? Of what does it consist?

4. How often are representatives chosen? By whom? How?

5. What class of work does Congress do?

6. What are the qualifications for representatives?

7. What is the lower limit of representation, with regard to number of people?

8. How is the number of representatives kept from being unwieldy ?

9. How are vacancies filled in the House?

10. What is the Senate?

11. How is senatorial representation apportioned?

12. How are senators elected?

cies filled?

How often? How are vacan

13. What are the qualifications for senatorship?

14. How are the officers of both houses chosen? Who is Speaker of the Senate?

15. What are the powers of the two houses in cases of impeachment?

16. How often does Congress meet? What is a session? A sitting? A Congress ?

17. What are the general privileges and duties of each house with regard to their proceedings?

18. Where do bills originate? What are the stages through which they must pass before becoming laws?

19. What is a veto? Who exercises this power? Can a veto be annulled in any way?

20. What are the powers of Congress? How many are enumerated?

21. What are imposts, excises, naturalization laws, letters of marque and reprisal?

22. What powers are denied to Congress ?

23. What is a writ of habeas corpus, bill of attainder, ex post facto law?

24. Why are no officers or citizens allowed to be given titles of nobility, etc., by the United States ?

25. What are the powers denied the State?

26. To which of three governmental departments does the President belong? What are the other officers of this class?

27. How, and for how long, are these officers elected?

28. What are electors? What are their duties ?

29. What are the qualifications for President?

30. How does the Constitution provide for presidential succession?

31. What are the powers of the President?

32. Who has the right of pardon? Except in what cases? 33. Under what conditions may he make appointments, etc.? 34. What is said of the President's duties? What would be "extraordinary occasions" for extra sessions?

35. For what crimes may the President be impeached?

36. What are the divisions of the third department of the national government?

37. What is said of the term and compensation of national court officers ?

38. In what kind of cases do United States Courts have jurisdiction ?

39. What are original and appellate jurisdictions?

40. What is included under the term "treason"? What is the punishment for treason?

41. What is the meaning of "persons held to labor or service in the United States"? What amendments to the Constitution have bearing on this subject?

42. What protection does the government guarantee to the States?

43. How, when, and by what mode of proceeding may the Constitution be amended? How many amendments have been offered ?

44. How and when was the Constitution adopted? Ratified? 45. What was the "Bill of Rights"? When was it adopted? What was its purpose?

46. What does the first amendment to the Constitution say about freedom of religion?

47. What is the provision made in these amendments for the protection of the rights of criminals?

48. What powers are reserved to the States?

49. What amendment abolished slavery? What was the language used?

50. What amendment confers on negroes the rights of citizenship?

51. What disability was put on those who had engaged in rebellion? How removed?

52. What is said in regard to the national and confederate debts?

53. What right was conferred by the fifteenth amendment?

CONSTITUTION OF PENNSYLVANIA.

[This Constitution went into operation on January 1, 1874, except wherein otherwise provided therein.

PREAMBLE.

We, the people of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, grateful to Almighty God for the blessings of civil and religious liberty, and humbly invoking His guidance, do ordain and establish this Constitution.

ARTICLE I.

DECLARATION OF RIGHTS.

That the general, great, and essential principles of liberty and free government may be recognized and unalterably established, we declare that

SEC. I. All men are born equally free and independent, and have certain inherent and indefeasible rights, among which are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty, of acquiring, possessing, and protecting property and reputation, and of pursuing their own happiness.

SEC. 2. All power is inherent in the people, and all free governments are founded on their authority and instituted for their peace, safety, and happiness. For the advancement of these ends, they have at all times an inalienable and indefeasible right to alter, reform, or abolish their government in such manner as they may think proper.

SEC. 3. All men have a natural and indefeasible right to worship Almighty God according to the