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PAPERS RELATING TO ANTHROPOLOGY.

OBSERVATIONS ON STONE-CHIPPING.*

By GEORGE ERCOL SELLERS, of Bowlesville, Ill.

When a boy, living among mechanics, artists, and artisans, preparing for the profession of civil and mechanical engineer, it was natural that I should be attracted to the studio with its adjoining workshop and taxidermic room of my mother's father, Charles Wilson Peale, and his sons. There was always something new to be learned there. He was a native of the province of Maryland, the son of one of the earliest Episcopal ministers who came from England and settled in that colony. He always took great interest in the history and incidents connected with the early settlement of Maryland and Virginia. He had a shelt in his library devoted to books and pamphlets relating thereto, many of which seemed to have been sent from Europe to him, for they bore inscriptions of "presented by," or "received from," my friend, Sir J. Banks or from Count Rumford, and others. Among them was a volume of autograph letters from his friend Thomas Jefferson on the same sub ject. This shelf was particularly attractive to me, for it always led to reminiscences of the most interesting character from my grandfather. On one occasion I came across on this library shelf a thin bound volume of letters of John Smith from the Virginia colony. It was a London publication, and (if my recollection is not at fault) comprised several pamphlets bound together. A passage in one of these letters, in describing an Indian he had met with, referred to the making of stone implements. I have not seen the publication since, and cannot after a lapse of more than sixty years quote from it, but will give the substance as impressed on my mind. He said in substance that the Indian carried with him a pouch filled with flakes of precious stones, and within his mantle, in a pocket made for the purpose, a small instrument made of bone or horn, that he valued above all price and would not part with, and with it he deftly shaped arrow points and spear-heads from or out of the stone

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* In the summer of 1885 Mr. Sellers visited Washington and called upon Dr. Rau, to whom he gave an account of his experiences in stone-chipping, but dwelling chiefly on what he had heard from Mr. Catlin concerning this subject. Dr. Rau, perceiving the importance of Mr. Sellers's remarks, induced him to prepare the present article. It will be seen that the Indians of this country resorted in stone-chipping to methods similar to those employed by the Mexicans, as related by Torquemada and Motolinia.

flakes. On calling my grandfather's attention to this, he said that although there was much truth in what at the time was written from the colonies, some things were highly colored and had to be sifted out or taken with caution, and he supposed the cutting of hard stone with bone or horn was one of these, and might be set down as one of Smith's yarns. I asked myself the question, What object could he have in inventing and telling it? There must be some foundation. At all events, it made an indelible impression on my mind.

Most of the arrow-points found within my reach in Philadelphia, Delaware, and Chester Counties, Pennsylvania, were chipped from massive quartz, from the opaque white to semi-transparent and occasionally transparent. Once, in company with my early preceptors, Jacob Pearce and Isaiah Lukens, both well-known scientists, on a mineralogical excursion, we came to a place where (judging from the quantities of flakes and chips) arrow-points had been made. After most diligent search only one perfect point was found, which is still in my possession, marked with ink "1818." There were many broken ones, showing the difficulty in working the material. Mr. Lukens collect ed a quantity of the best flakes to experiment with, and by the strokes of a light hammer roughed out one or two very rude imitations. No effort was made by pressure, which I cannot now understand, for at that time I was in the habit of breaking off points and trimming mineral specimens (likely to be injured by the jarring of a hammer stroke) by pressure with the hickory handle of my mineral hammer.

Maj. S. H. Long, afterwards colonel, who in the latter part of his life succeeded Col. John J. Abert as head of the Topographical Department of the United States Army, whenever in Philadelphia, was a frequent visitor at my father's house; and, when preparing for his expedition to the Rocky Mountains, in which my mother's youngest brother, Titian R. Peale, went as assistant naturalist, I saw him almost daily. The subject of flaking and forming arrow and spear-heads was one of frequent discussion. My grandfather, C. W. Peale, was at that time owner of the Philadelphia Museum, which had for that period a large collection of Indian curiosities, among them, many collected by Lewis and Clark on their northwestern expedition,-and to me the most interesting, was a box of stone implements in various stages of manufacture, evidently collected with the view of illustrating the process. They were never put on exhibition other than in the original package, the lid of the box only having been removed. Major Long's attention was called to these, and he expressed his belief that on his expedition he would learn the entire process, and on his return be able to explain everything in the Lewis and Clark collection.

The expedition returned, and, as far as I know, without any positive information as to the process of making the flakes. Mr. Peale said he had seen squaws chipping flakes into small arrow-points, holding the “ake in their left hand, grasped between a piece of bent leather, and

chipping off small flakes by pressure, using a small pointed bone in the right hand for that purpose. From this it was evident that John Smith's story was no myth. In my life-long intimacy with Colonel Long the subject of the flaking operation has frequently been one of conversation, on my regretting that more attention had not been paid to it on either of his expeditions. Knowing his pre-eminence as a civil engineer and his high attainments as a mechanic, I thought more reliable information would have been obtained by him and his party, composed as it was of such prominent men of science. He said that flakes prepared for points and other implements seemed to be an object of trade or commerce among the Indian tribes that he came in contact with; that there were but few places where chert or quartzite was found of sufficient hardness and close and even grain to flake well, and at those places there were men very expert at flaking. He had understood that it was mostly done by pressure, and rarely by blows, but he had never witnessed the operation. He expressed his belief that it was an art fast being lost, for he had found among tribes who had never seen a white man since the advent of Lewis and Clark, wrought-iron arrowpoints made in England by the Birmingham nailers, sent out as articles of trade by the fur companies, and that they were preferred to the stone points.

My early acquaintance with Catlin, the artist, was in the shop of Catlin, musical instrument and model maker, of Philadelphia. There I knew him as a very expert and superior workman in wood and ivory. As a portrait painter he was not at that time successful. He painted strong likenesses, but they lacked life-like coloring. A delegation of Indians on their way to Washington gave him an opportunity to paint the likeness of one of the chiefs. This was exhibited in the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, and from its novelty attracted much attention; in fact, it was so far a success as to bring him into notice. About this time I met him very frequently; his conversation always drifted on to the great value and importance of preserving correct likenesses of the Indians, whom he believed to be fast passing away. We all know how well he lived up to this idea, devoting his life to the work of producing the collection of Indian portraits now in the National Museum.

On Mr. Catlin's return from his long sojourn among the Indians, believing that, as an observing practical mechanic, nothing in the way of art among them would escape him, I took the first opportunity to see him. On my inquiry as to the mode in practice of splitting the stone into flakes for arrow and spear points, his reply was by a question characteristic of the man. He asked if I had forgotten Dr. Jones's axiom, "The least possible momentum is greater than the greatest possible pressure." This was in allusion to a lecture on mechanics we had together heard delivered by Dr. Thomas P. Jones (afterwards Commissioner of Patents). He then added, "That is well understood by the flake makers among the Indians, but it will soon be among the lost