Addendum. Major A. N. Damrell, Engineer Corps, U. S. A., who rendered the author very kind assistance in the preparation of the sketches of the other water lines of the State, which appear in the Addendum. The late Dr. Peter Bryce, Superintendent of the Alabama Insane Hospital, Tuskaloosa, Alabama, that knightly gentleman without reproach, who contributed the admirable sketch of that institution, printed as Part Sixth, and who has since entered into rest. Hon. John G. Harris, State Superintendent of Education, Montgomery, Alabama; Hon. Willis G. Clarke, Mobile, Alabama, and the various presidents and principals of the State normal schools and colleges and the other educational institutions of the State described in Part Fifth, for valuable assistance rendered the author in the preparation of that part. General Richard C. Jones, President of the University of Alabama, Tuskaloosa, Alabama; Dr. J. H. Johnson, Principal of the Alabama Institute for the Deaf, Talladega, Alabama: J. H. Johnson, Jr., Esq., Superintendent of the Alabama Academy for the Blind, Talladega, Alabama, and Dr. George A. Ketchum, Dean of the Medical College of Alabama, Mobile, for very kind services in connection with the preparation of the sketches of those institutions printed in Part Fifth. The Commercial and Industrial Association, Montgomery; Dr. R. P. Huger, Anniston; Colonel A. W. Stockell, President Florence Land, Mining and Manufacturing Company, Florence; Colonel R. B. Kyle, Gadsden; Hon. Joseph V. Allen, Mayor, Sheffield, and Hon. J. W. Spaulding, Fort Payne, for the great assistance they rendered the author in the preparation of the sketches of their respective cities printed in Part Ninth.

Mobile, Alabama, January 15, 1893.

SAFFOLD BERNEY.

We, the people of the State of Alabama, in order to establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure to ourselves and to our posterity, life, liberty and property, profoundly grateful to Almighty God for this inestimable right, and invoking his favor and guidance, do ordain and establish the following Constitution and Form of Government for the State of Alabama.

ARTICLE I.

DECLARATION OF RIGHTS.

That the great, general and essential principles of liberty and free government may be recognized and established, we declare

SECTION 1. That all men are equally free and independent; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

SEC. 2. That all persons resident in this State, born in the United States, or naturalized, or who shall have legally declared their intention to become citizens of the United States, are hereby declared citizens of the State of Alabama, possessing equal, civil and political rights.

Became operative December 6, 1875.

SEC. 3. That all political power is inherent in the people, and all free governments are founded on their authority, and instituted for their benefit; and that, therefore, they have, at all times, an inalienable and indefeasible right to change their form of government in such manner as they may deem expedient.

SEC. 4. That no religion shall be established by law; that no preference shall be given by law to any religious sect, society, denomination, or mode of worship; that no one shall be compelled by law to attend any place of worship, nor to pay any tithes, taxes, or other rate, for building or repairing any place of worship, or for maintaining any minister or ministry; that no religious test shall be required as a qualification to any office or public trust, under this State; and that the civil rights, privileges and capacities of any citizen, shall not be in any manner affected by his religious principles.

SEC. 5. That any citizen may speak, write and publish his sentiments on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that liberty.

SEC. 6. That the people shall be secure in their persons, houses, papers and possessions, from unreasonable seizures or searches; and that no warrant shall issue to search any place, or to seize any person or thing, without probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation.

SEC. 7. That in all criminal prosecutions, the accused has a right to be heard by himself and counsel, or either; to demand the nature and cause of the accusation; to have a copy thereof; to be confronted by the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and, in all prosecutions by indictment, a speedy public trial by an impartial jury of the county or district in which the offense was committed; and that he shall not be compelled to give evidence against himself, nor be deprived of his life, liberty or property, but by due process of law.

SEC. 8. That no person shall be accused, or arrested, or detained, except in cases ascertained by law, and according to the forms which the same has prescribed; and no person shall be punished but by virtue of a law established and promulgated prior to the offense, and legally applied.

SEC. 9. That no person shall, for any indictable offense. be proceeded against criminally, by information, except in 'cases arising in the militia and volunteer forces when in actual service, or by leave of the court, for misfeasance, misdemeanor, extortion and oppression in office, otherwise than is provided in this Constitution: Provided, That in cases of petit larceny, assault, assault and battery, affray, unlawful assemblies, vagrancy, and other misdemeanors, the General Assembly may, by law, dispense with a grand jury, and authorize such prosecutions and proceedings before justices of the peace, or such inferior courts as may be by law established.

SEC. 10. That no person shall, for the same offense, be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.

SEC. 11. That no person shall be debarred from prosecuting or

defending, before any tribunal in this State, by himself or counsel, any civil cause to which he is a party.

SEC. 12. That the right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate.

SEC. 13. That in prosecutions for the publication of papers investigating the official conduct of officers, or men in public capacity, or when the matter published is proper for public information, the truth thereof may be given in evidence; and that in all indictments for libel, the jury shall have the right to determine the law and the facts under the direction of the court.

SEC. 14. That all courts shall be open, and that every person, for any injury done him in his lands, goods, person or reputation, shall have a remedy by due process of law; and right and justice shall be administered without sale, denial or delay.

SEC. 15. That the State of Alabama shall never be made defendant in any court of law or equity.

SEC. 16. That excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel or unusual punishments inflicted.

SEC. 17. That all persons shall, before conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, except for capital offenses when the proof is evident or the presumption great; and that excessive bail shall not, in any case, be required.

SEC. 18. That the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended by the authorities of the State.

SEC. 19 That treason against the State shall consist only in levying war against it, or adhering to its enemies, giving them aid and comfort; and that no person shall be convicted of treason except on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or his own confession in open court.

SEC. 20. That no person shall be attainted of treason by the General Assembly; and that no conviction shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture of estate.

SEC. 21. That no person shall be imprisoned for debt.

SEC. 22. That no power of suspending laws shall be exercised, ex- › cept by the General Assembly.

SEC. 23. That no ex post facto law, nor any law impairing the obligation of contracts, or making any irrevocable grants of special privileges or immunities, shall be passed by the General Assembly.

SEC. 24. That the exercise of the right of eminent domain shall never be abridged or so construed as to prevent the General Assembly from taking the property and franchises of incorporated companies and subjecting them to public use the same as individuals. But private property shall not be taken or applied for public use unless just compensation be first made therefor; nor shall private property be taken for private use, or for the use of corporations, other than municipal, without the consent of the owners: Provided, however, That the General Assembly may, by law, secure to persons or corporations the right of way over the lands of other persons or corporations, and by general laws provide for and regulate the exercise by persons, and corporations